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Glass PA ^OSH 



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Book ^ G p^-S 



Copyright N°. 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



ELEMENTS OF LATIN 



BY 

BARRY C. SMITH, A.B. (Yale) 

w 

BROWNING SCHOOL, NEW YORK 



D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS 

BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 






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Copyright, 1913, 
By D. C. Heath & Co. 

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PREFACE 

In the course of twelve years' experience in teaching Latin to 
beginners, the writer has become convinced of two facts : The 
first is that a textbook for secondary schools should be written 
from the standpoint of the secondary school, and therefore by a 
person who is familiar, from actual experience, with the condi- 
tions of the classroom. Most of our textbooks for pupils begin- 
ning Latin, however admirable in other respects, are written in 
such a way as to require for intelligent comprehension consider- 
ably more maturity of judgment and understanding than the 
average beginner in Latin can be expected to possess. The 
second of these facts is that a book to be of the greatest help to 
the teacher, and thus secure the best results, should be so ar- 
ranged as to enable the teacher to concentrate energy upon one 
thing at a time. 

\yith these two ideas as a fundamental consideration, the 
writer has prepared this book. In reference to the first, every 
effort has been made to use simple language and make all expla- 
nations, rules, etc., directly intelligible to the young student. 
Where explanations should be given, they are made, it is hoped, 
clearly and simply ; in cases where experience has shown that 
no book can supply the place of oral explanation, or where 
explanation has seemed unnecessary, the facts have been sim- 
ply stated, and the rest left to the instructor. As to the second 
fact, the writer firmly believes that, in the main, it is wisest to 
concentrate on forms first. Therefore the first thirty-six lessons 
of this book are devoted to acquiring a thorough knowledge of 
the forms and their practical use. By that time the pupil has 
only irregular verbs left to learn ; his form work for the first 
year is otherwise complete. Some syntax is of course given in 
these lessons, but only such principles as are necessary for the 
understanding of sentence structure, and for intelligent use of 

iii 



iv Preface 

the forms that are being learned (for example, in Lessons XVI- 
XX on Pronouns). Practically all the syntax of case and mood 
is postponed until Lesson XXXVII, where the systematic study 
of it begins with the lessons on the genitive. 

In postponing the syntax, and concentrating on it in the last 
twenty-four lessons, two difficulties were encountered : the dan- 
ger of confusing the pupil's mind by crowding too many more or 
less similar constructions together ; and the necessity of thorough 
drill and review, without unduly lengthening the work. These 
difficulties have been overcome by limiting the syntax to those 
constructions which are of common occurrence in Caesar, and 
by introducing at intervals lessons on the irregular verbs, and 
employing these lessons to review thoroughly the syntactical 
principles of the lessons preceding. Heynacher's analysis of 
the syntax of Caesar has been employed in determining what 
syntactical principles should be included. With the exception 
of a few constructions, omitted because their difficulty renders 
postponement until the second year advisable, no construction 
has been omitted which occurs more than five times in the jirst 
four books of Caesar. It is believed, therefore, that this book 
contains all the syntax necessary to enable the pupil to make an 
intelligent start in Caesar, and that ample exercises and reviews 
have been provided for a clear understanding of it. 

Beginning with Lesson XXV, each Lesson (except the review 
lessons) contains a short passage of continuous prose. Ten 
anecdotes are first given. These are easy and serve to show 
the pupil that Latin can be used to describe interesting events 
of everyday life. These are followed by short passages descrip- 
tive of early Roman history which gradually lead up to more 
difficult work. At the end, after the lessons are completed, will 
be found twenty-three reading lessons, giving an account of the 
Helvetian War, based on Caesar I, 1-29. The Latin of Caesar 
has been somewhat simplified, chiefly by the shortening of long 
sentences, and by the omission of the most difficult passages of 
indirect discourse. The style of Caesar has been preserved, 



Preface v 

however, and the material thus provided will introduce the 
pupil rapidly and easily to the text of Caesar, and at the same 
time provide a thorough review of the syntax of the preceding 
lessons. The notes give ample help and refer constantly to the 
rules of syntax in the lessons. Attention is also called to the 
following features of this book: 

i. The Vocabulary. This has been based on Professor 
Lodge's "Vocabulary of High School Latin." Exclusive of 
proper names, the Vocabulary contains 771 words, ninety-seven 
per cent of which occur in Professor Lodge's list of 2000 essen- 
tial words ; ninety per cent occur four or more times in Caesar 
I-V ; and eighty-six per cent occur in the list of 1000 words to 
be learned before the end of the second year. Of the remainder, 
the greater part are necessary for purposes of grammatical com- 
pleteness, as — ego, tu, difficilis, riis, etc. A pupil who masters 
these vocabularies will therefore acquire a knowledge of more 
than a third of the vocabulary which Professor Lodge believes 
essential for a High School student. 

2. The Word List for Drill. On page 271 will be found a list 
of the words in the vocabularies of the lessons, with the English 
on the reverse side of the page. The words are purposely not 
arranged in alphabetical order, ?nd where a word has two or 
more entirely different meanings, each is given separately. This 
list will be found of great value in mastering the vocabularies. 
By its use frequent and rapid oral or written reviews are made 
possible. It has been found that a pupil with the English words 
before him can run through the list, giving the corresponding 
Latin with remarkable speed. 

3. The fact that the words in each vocabulary are reviewed in 
the exercises of the lessons immediately following. This has 
been provided for with great care throughout. 

4. The special vocabularies of the first ten reading lessons. 
These free the pupil from the necessity of searching the general 
vocabulary for meanings until he has become somewhat familiar 
with continuous prose. 



vi Preface 

5. The examples illustrating the rules of syntax. These con- 
tain only words in common use so that a clear understanding 
of the meaning and principle involved is assured. 

6. The copious exercises. These illustrate every point of 
form and syntax and, with the reading lessons, afford abundant 
material for practice and sight translation. The English-Latin 
exercises are unusually numerous, the author believing that 
nothing else develops power so rapidly. All exercises, however, 
are so arranged that teachers who prefer them shorter may omit 
the latter sentences. 

7. The clear, open page. By careful arrangement of material, 
and generous spacing, an effort has been made to secure the 
tremendous help of visualizing. 

8. The treatment of the conjugations. By the development 
of the principles of formation on the stems, the pupil is taught 
to conjugate verbs other than the models, without difficulty. 

9. The treatment of the third declension. The method of 
determining the different classes of stems is given in a simple 
way. In the vocabularies, all third declension nouns and adjec- 
tives are given with the genitive in full. 

Grateful acknowledgment is here made to Allyn & Bacon for 
their courtesy in permitting the use of their texts of the " Gra- 
datim " and the " Junior Latin Book " in the preparation of the 
reading lessons. 

In conclusion the author desires to express his gratitude to 

Mr. J. A. Browning, of the Browning School, New York City, 

for his many valuable suggestions ; to Mr. I. J. Uhrich and 

Mr. N. E. Crosby, of the same school, and to Mr. Rest Fenner 

Smith, Jr., formerly of the Newark Academy, all of whom have 

devoted much time to the reading of the proof sheets ; and also 

to Professor Henry P. Wright, until recently Dean of Yale 

College, whose reading of the manuscript has been of great 

value, and whose kindly interest and encouragement have been 

a source of inspiration at all times. 

BARRY C. SMITH. 

New York City, 

February 14, 1913. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



LESSON PAGE 

Introduction 1 

I. First Declension. Subject. Adjectives : Attribu- 
tive and Predicate 6 

II. Present Indicative of Amo, Sum. Direct Object. 

Predicate Noun. Agreement of Verb and Subject 10 

III. Second Declension. Adjectives. Appositives . . 14 

IV. Second Declension : Neuters. Adjectives. Questions 

with -ne. Word Order 18 

V. First and Second Declension: Adjectives . . 22 

VI. Irregular Adjectives. Questions with nonne . . 26 
VII. Third Declension : Consonant Stems. Questions 

with num 30 

VIII. Third Declension: -I Stems ...... 36 

IX. Third Declension: Gender; Practice in Determin- 
ing Stems . 41 

X. Third Declension : Adjectives. Indirect Object . 45 

XI. Fourth and Fifth Declensions. Review of Gender 50 
XII. Review of Nouns. Comparison of Adjectives. The 

Infinitive 55 

XIII. Comparison of Adjectives. Use of Comparative and 

Superlative 59 

XIV. Review of Adjectives. Formation of Adverbs . 63 
XV. Review of Comparison of Adjectives. Comparison 

of Adverbs 66 

XVI. Personal Pronouns 70 

XVII. Possessive Pronouns. The Intensive Pronoun . .74 

XVIII. Demonstrative Pronouns 79 

XIX. The Relative Pronoun. The Interrogative Pronoun 84 

XX. Indefinite Pronouns 88 

vii 



Vlll 



Table of Contents 



LESSON 

XXI. 
XXII. 



XXIII. 
XXIV. 

XXV. 

XXVI. 

XXVII. 

XXVIII. 

XXIX. 

XXX. 

XXXI. 

XXXII. 

XXXIII. 

XXXIV. 
XXXV. 

XXXVI. 

XXXVII. 

XXXVIII. 

XXXIX. 

XL. 

XLI. 

XLII. 
XLIII. 
XLIV. 



PAGE 

Review of Pronouns. Numerals. Review Charts 93 
Verbs : Principal Parts ; Stems ; Indicative of 

Sum . . . . . . • . . . .99 

Sum Completed. Use of Moods. Verb Synopses . 103 
First Conjugation : Indicative Active. Review 

of First Conjugation Verbs .... 107 
First Conjugation : Active Completed. Verb 

Synopses. " The Naughty Boy," I . . . .112 
First Conjugation : Indicative Passive. Ablative 

of Agent. "The Naughty Boy," II . . .117 

First Conjugation : Passive Completed. " The 

Bad Apples " 121 

Second Conjugation : Active. " The Little Slave " 126 

Second Conjugation : Passive. " The Miser," I . 131 

Third Conjugation : Active. " The Miser," II „ 136 

Third Conjugation : Passive. " The Broken Dike," I 141 
Fourth Conjugation : Active. " The Broken 

Dike," II 146 

Fourth Conjugation : Passive. " The Piper's 

Slave," I 151 

Review of the Four Conjugations . . . 156 
Third Conjugation : Verbs in -id. " The Piper's 

Slave," II 158 

Deponent Verbs. Ablative with Deponents. 

" Early Italy " 163 

Syntax : The Genitive. " Aeneas ; Ascanius " . 168 
The Genitive. " The Alban Kings " . . . .171 

Review of the Genitive. Possum .... 174 

The Dative. " The Crime of Amulius "... 178 
The Dative. The Periphrastic Conjugations. 

" Rescue of Romulus and Remus " . . 181 

The Accusative. " The Founding of Rome " . . 186 

Review of the Dative and Accusative. Flo . 189 

The Ablative. " The Romans Secure Wives " . . 192 



Table of Contents 



IX 



LESSON 

XLV. 

XLVI. 

XLVII. 

XLVIII. 

XLIX. 

L. 

LI. 



LII. 



LIII. 
LIV. 

LV. 

LVI. 

LVIL 

LVIII. 

LIX. 

LX. 



PAGE 

The Ablative. " The Story of Tarpeia "... 195 
The Ablative. " The Sabine War " . . .198 
Participles. The Ablative Absolute. " Romulus 

Completes His Work " 201 

Review of the Ablative. Ed 206 

Expressions of Place. Domus. " Numa Pompilius" 210 
Independent Uses of the Subjunctive. "Tullus Hos- 

tilius" 213 

dependent uses of the subjunctive. indirect 
Questions. Sequence of Tenses. Purpose Clauses. 

" Ancus Marcius " 216 

Clauses of Result. Clauses of Characteristic. 
Relative Clauses of Purpose. " Tarquinius Pris- 

cus." I 221 

Cum Clauses. " Tarquinius Priscus," II 224 
Review of XLIX-LIII. Volo, nolo, maid. Com- 
mands. Prohibitions ... ... 227 

Substantive Clauses. " Servius Tullius," I . . . 231 
Indirect Discourse. " Servius Tullius," II . . . 235 
The Infinitive. " Servius Tullius," III . . • . 240 
Conditional Sentences. " Tarquinius Superbus," I . 243 
The Gerund and Gerundive. The Supine. " Tar- 
quinius Superbus," II ...... 247 

Review of LV-LIX. Fero 251 

" The Story of the Helvetian War " 255 

Word List for Drill 271 

Special Vocabularies of Reading Lessons, — Les- 
sons XXV-XXXV 299 

General Vocabulary: Latin-English . . . 303 

General Vocabulary : English-Latin . . . 334 



INDEX 



349 



INTRODUCTION 

1. THE ALPHABET 

The Latin alphabet is the same as the English except that it 
has no j or w. The letter i is used both as a vowel and as the 
consonant j. 

II. PRONUNCIATION 

i. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and y. They are either long 
or short, and are pronounced as follows : 

Long Short 

a as \w father, a as the first a in aha. 

e as in prey. e as in pet. 

1 as in ?nachine. i as in sit. 

o as in ode. o as in obey. 

u as in rule. u as in pull. 

y, used only in Greek words, is pronounced like French u, 
or German u. 

2. The diphthongs, or double sounds, are ae, au, oe, and 
rarely ei, eu, and ui. They are pronounced as follows : 

ae like ai in aisle. 
au like ou in our. 
oe like oi in oil. 
ei like ei in eight. 
eu like eh'-oo, slurred. 
ui like oo'-ee, slurred. 
i 



2 Elements of Latin 

3. The consonants are pronounced as in English with the 
following exceptions : 

c is always hard, as in come. 

g is always hard, as in gate. 

i, consonant, is like y in yet. 

s is like s in sip ; never like s in his. 

v is like w in wet. 

bs, bt are like ps, pt. 

ch is like ch in choir ; never as in church. 

III. CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS 

Consonants are classified as : 

Mutes : p, b ; t, d ; k, c, g, q. 

Liquids: 1, r. 

Nasals : m, n. 

Spirant : s. 

Double Consonants : x = cs or gs ; z = dz. 

IV. SYLLABLES 

i. Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels 
or diphthongs. In dividing words into syllables observe that : 

(a) A single consonant between two vowels is pronounced 
with the following vowel ; as, le-ga-tus. 

(b) A mute with 1 or r between two vowels is pronounced 
with the following vowel ; as, pa-tres. 

(c) Doubled consonants are pronounced separately and each 
distinctly ; as, pu-el-la. 

(d) Compound words may be separated into their parts ; as, 
in-it (in = in ; it = he goes ; he goes in, enters) . 

2. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima, the next 
to the last, the penult, and the one preceding that, the ante- 
penult. 



Introduction 3 

V. QUANTITY OF VOWELS 

Vowels are either long or short. In this book long vowels 
are marked thus : a. The quantity of vowels is learned only 
through careful pronunciation and constant observation. The 
following principles are of value. 

(a) A vowel is long before nf, ns ; as, amans, infero. 

(J?) Diphthongs, and vowels resulting from contraction are 
long; as, tubae, cogo (for co-ago). 

(c) A vowel is short before nd, nt, and h ; also before an- 
other vowel or a diphthong; as, amandus, prudentes, nihil, tiius, 
pecuniae. 

VI. QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES 

1. A syllable is long by nature if it contains a long vowel or 
a diphthong. 

2. A syllable is said to be long by position if it contains a 
short vowel followed by two consonants (except a mute and a 
liquid), or by the double consonants x or z. Otherwise a syllable 
is short. 

VII. ACCENT 

1. Words of two syllables accent the penult; as, tu'ba. 

2. Words of more than two syllables accent the penult if it is 
long ; otherwise, the antepenult ; as, virtu 'tis, confec'tus, tem'pBra. 

3. Certain words, such as -que, -ne, -ve, known as enclitics, are 
appended to the preceding word and pronounced as a part of it. 
This may cause words regularly accented on the antepenult to 
take another accent on the ultima ; as, generaque. 

VIII. EXERCISE 

Divide the following words into syllables and pronounce them. 
Be careful to give the vowels the proper quantity, and to place 
the accent on the proper syllable. 



4 Elements of Latin 

i. Milites. 2. Maiores. 3. Latitudo. 4. Tuba. 5. Cog- 
novit. 6. Imquus. 7. Gladiis. 8. Mores temporaque. 
9. Pugnaverunt. 10. Amaverint. 11. Hums. 12. Moenia. 
13. Cui. 14. Urbs. 15. Persuasisses. 16. Incolae. 

17. Causam. 18. Moneatis. 19. Eheu. 1 20. Aliquando. 

IX. PARTS OF SPEECH; INFLECTION 

i. Latin has the same parts of speech as English, except that 
it has no article. 

2. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs are inflected, — 
that is, they change their form to show their grammatical rela- 
tion to the other words in the sentence. The inflection of nouns, 
pronouns, and adjectives is known as declension ; that of verbs, 
as conjugation. 

X. DECLENSION 

1. Case. Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives have six 2 cases, as 
follows : 

Nominative = Case of the subject. 

Genitive = Objective with of, or possessive. 

Dative = Objective with to ox for. 

Accusative = Case of the object. 

Vocative = Case of address. 

Ablative == Objective with, from, by, with. 

2. Number. Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives have two num- 
bers, singular and plural. 

3. Gender. 

(a) Nouns : A noun has usually one gender only. The gen- 
der of nouns is said to be natural when it is based on sex ; as, 
agricola, farmer (masculine) ; mater, mother (feminine). It is 

iOr eheu. 2 A few instances of a seventh case, the Locative, occur. This case 
will be treated later. 



Introduction 5 

said to be grammatical when it is based on the termination of 
the nominative singular. Grammatical gender will be further 
explained later. Meantime the following general principles 
should be learned. 

1 . Masculine : Names of males ; names of rivers, winds, and 
months. 

2. Feminine: Names of females ; names of countries, towns, 
islands, and trees. 

3. Neuter: Indeclinable nouns ; as, nihil, nothing. 

(b) Adjectives and most pronouns have forms for each gender. 



XL 



CONJUGATION 



Latin verbs are conjugated to show person, number, tense, 
mood, and voice. These terms have, in general, the same sig- 
nification as in English. The names, meanings, and uses of 
the various forms will be given later. 




Lector et Libri 



LESSON I 



FIRST DECLENSION 

1. NOUNS IN -A 

Nouns of the first declension end in -a, and are declined as 

follows : 

Puella, girl; stem, puella- 

SlNGULAR 

a girl 
of a girl 
to or for a girl 
a girl 
from, by, with a girl 

Plural 
, girls 
of girls 
to ox for girls 
girls 
from, by, with girls 

2. NOTES ON DECLENSION 

i. The terminations are printed in heavy type. 

2. The base of a noun or adjective may be found by dropping 
the termination of the genitive singular ; thus the base of puella 
is puell-. 

3. The vocative case is like the nominative, and therefore for 
convenience is omitted in this paradigm and elsewhere ; puella, 
O girl / 

4. The gender of nouns of the first declension is feminine, 
except names of males ; as, agricola, m., farmer. 

6 



Nom. 


puella 


Gen. 


puellae 


Dat 


puellae 


Ace. 


puellam 


Abl. 


puella 


Nom. 


puellae 


Gen. 


puellarum 


Dat. 


puellis 


Ace. 


puellas 


Abl. 


puellis 



First Declension 7 

5. Dea, goddess, and filia, daughter have the irregular ending 
-abus in the dative and ablative plural; as, deabus. 

6. Latin has no article ; hence, puella may mean girl, a girl, 
or the girl. 

3. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 

Feminine adjectives of the first declension are declined like 
puella. Decline bona, good ; tuba magna, a large trumpet. 

4. PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX 

i .' Rule : The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative case ; 



as, 



Puella est parva, the girl is small. 



2. Rule : An adjective agrees in gender, number, and case with 
the noun which it limits ; as, 

tuba magna, 1 a large trumpet. 

Tuba est magna, the trumpet is large. 

Note : An adjective may be either attributive, or predicate. An 
attributive adjective limits its noun directly, as in the first example. A 
predicate adjective is separated in sense from the noun it limits by the 
verb sum (to be), or a verb of similar meaning, as in the second example. 

5. VOCABULARY 

agricola, ae, m., farmer. longa, long (adj.). 

bona, good (adj.). magna, great, large (adj.). 

dea, ae, f., goddess. multa, ?nuch ; pi., many (adj.). 

est, he, {she, it) is; (there) is; non, not (adv.). 

sunt, they are; (there) are. parva, small {&&].). 

filia, ae, f., daughter. tuba, ae, f., trumpet. 

incola, ae, m., inhabitant. via, ae, f., way, road. 
Italia, ae, f., Italy. 

1 Adjectives often follow their nouns in Latin. When emphatic they usually 
precede. Adjectives denoting number and quantity regularly precede. 



8 



Elements of Latin 



6. 



EXERCISES 



i. Deae. 

2. Agricolis. 

3. Incolae. 

4. Italiam. 

5. Incola. 

6. Filiabus. 

7. Deabus. 

8. Agricolarum. 

9. Incolas. 
10. Tuba. 



1 1 . Via longa. 

12. Filiae bonae. 

13. Tubls magnis. 

14. Tubam parvam. 

15. Multarum tubarum. 

16. Deae bonae. 

17. Filiabus parvis. 

18. Multae filiae. 

19. Via bona. 

20. Vias longas. 



II 



I. 


Of the farmer. 


11. 


To the good daughter. 


2. 


To the inhabitant. 


12. 


Of good trumpets. 


3- 


For Italy. 


1 3- 


By long ways. 


4- 


Of the ways. 


14. 


Of small daughters. 


5- 


To the daughters. 


i5- 


To large trumpets. 


6. 


By a road. 


16. 


Of the good goddess. 


7- 


By the roads. 


i7- 


The daughter of a farmer 


8. 


The daughters. 


18. 


The goddesses of Italy. 


9- 


To the farmers. 


19. 


To many trumpets. 


10. 


The farmers (ace.). 


20. 


Of a long road. 



Ill 

1. Via est bona. 2. Filia agricolae est parva. 
3. Viae sunt longae. 4. Italia est magna. 5. Via 
est non longa. 6. Parva filia agricolae est bona. 
7. Viae Italiae sunt multae. 8. Tubae sunt magnae. 
9. Multae viae sunt. 1 10. Tuba incolae est longa. 



First Declension 



IV 



I, The goddess is good. 2. The goddesses of Italy 
are good. 3. There 1 are many trumpets. 4. The way 
is long. 5. The daughters of the inhabitant are small. 
6. Italy is large. 7. There 1 are many goddesses of 
Italy. 8. Italy is not small. 9. The trumpet is long. 
10. The daughter of the farmer is good. 

1 See Vocab. under est. 




SCHOLA ROMANA 



LESSON II 
VERBS: SUM; AMO 

7. PRESENT INDICATIVE OF THE VERB SUM 

Singular Plural 

i. sum, I am sumus, we are 

2. es, you are {thou art) estis, you are 

3. est, he (she, it) is sunt, they are 

8. PRESENT INDICATIVE OP AMO 

Singular Plural 

1. amo, I love amamus, we love 

2. amas, you love {thou loves f) amatis, you love 

3. amat, he loves, etc. amant, they love 

9. PERSONAL ENDINGS 

The person of a verb is shown in Latin by personal endings, 
and not so frequently by pronouns as in English ; thus, 

Singular Plural 

1st pers. -0, -m, (/) -mus, (we) 

2d pers. -s, (you, thou) -tis, (you) 

j d pers. -t, (he, she, it) -nt, (they) 

10. PRINCIPLES OP SYNTAX 

1 . Rule : The direct object of a transitive verb is put in the 
accusative case ; as, 

Reglna puellam amat, the queen loves the girl. 

10 



Verbs 



ii 



as, 



as, 



2. Rule : A verb agrees in perso?i and number with its subject ; 

Reginae laudant, the queens praise. 
Vos {you) laudatis, you praise. 

3. Rule: A predicate noun 1 agrees with the subject in case ; 
Galba est agricola, Galba is a farmer. 



11. VOCABULARY 

(Conjugate the verbs in -6 in this vocabulary like amo.) 



amo, I love, am loving. 
Britannia, ae, f., Britain. 
et, and (qovv)^. 



mensa, ae, f., table. 
patria, ae, f., country, father- 
land. 



Galba, ae, m., Galba (a man's puella, ae, f., girl. 

name). pulchra, beautiful '(adj.). 

Gallia, ae, f., Gaul, a country, regina, ae, f., queen. 

in, preposition governing abla- rosa, ae, f., rose. 

tive ; in, on. sum, / am. 

insula, ae, f., island. vexo, I harass, annoy. 

laudo, I praise, a??i praising. voco, / call, summon. 



12. 

1. Amatis. 

2. Vexant. 

3. Laudas. 

4. Vocamus. 

5. Vexat. 



EXERCISES 




I 




6. 


Estis. 


7- 


Laudant 


8. 


Sumus. 


9- 


Es. 


10. 


Vexatis. 



1 A predicate noun is used f o complete the predicate with the verb sum, or 
some verb of similar meaning, and limits the subject ; as, " Rover is a dog." 
(Compare with note under 4.) 



12 



Elements of Latin 



II. 


Insulae. 


16. 


Patriae. 


12. 


In 1 Britannia. 


i7- 


In l insula. 


13- 


In 1 mensa. 


18. 


Mensa magna. 


14. 


Rosas pulchras. 


19. 


Flliae pulchrae. 


J 5- 


Reginae pulchrae. 


20. 


In l Italia. 


1. 


You praise. 


II 

9- 


In * the island. 


2. 


We are praising. 


10. 


To many islands. 


3- 


He calls. 


■11. 


Large roses. 


4- 


Thou art calling. 


12. 


On x the small table. 


5- 


They harass. 


T 3- 


Of beautiful roses. 


6. 


We are. 


14. 


To a small island. 


7- 


He is. 


*5- 


In 1 beautiful Britain 


8. 


You are. 


16. 


Good queens (obi.). 



Ill 

1. Flliae 2 reginae sunt bonae et pulchrae. 2. Galba 
reglnam pulchram laudat. 3. In mensa sunt multae 
rosae. 4. Agricolas vexatis. 5. Galba agricolam 
vocat. 6. Incolas pulchrae Britanniae vexamus. 7. In- 
sulam magnam et pulchram laudatis. 8. Reglna est 
pulchra et puellae reglnam amant. 9. In Britannia est 
reglna bona et pulchra. 10. Gallia est patria Galbae. 
11. Puellas parvas voco. 12. Pulchram filiam agricolae 
amas. 13. Incolas Galliae laudamus. 14. Gallia insula 
non est 

IV 

1. On the farmer's 3 table are many beautiful 4 roses. 
2. You are summoning Galba. 3. Small islands are 

1 In or on, denoting place, are expressed by in and the ablative. 

2 Explain all nominatives and accusatives. 

3 On the table of the farmer. 4 Cf. Ill, 9. 



Verbs 



13 



beautiful. 4. The little girls love the beautiful queen. 
5. You are praising the daughter of the farmer. 6. Brit- 
ain is a large island. 7. The inhabitants of Britain 
love the goddess. 8. The road is long and beautiful. 
9. Galba is an inhabitant of Italy. 10. The girl is the 
daughter of the good queen. 




Centurio 



13. 



LESSON III 



SECOND DECLENSION 



NOUNS IN -US, -ER, -IR 



Masculine nouns of the second declension end in -us, -er, -ir. 
and are declined as follows : 





Servus, slave; 


Puer, boy ; 


Ager,jie/d; 


Vir, man; 




stem, servo- 


stem, puero- 

SlNGULAR 


stem, agro- 


stem, viro- 


Nom. 


servus 


puer 


ager 


vir 


Gen. 


servi 


pueri 


agri 


viri 


Dat. 


servo 


puero 


agro 


viro 


Ace. 


servum 


puerum 


agrum 


virum 


AM. 


servo 


puero 

Plural 


agro 


viro 


Nom. 


servi 


pueri 


agri 


viri 


Gen. 


servorum 


puerorum 


agrorum 


virorum 


Dat. 


servis 


puer is 


agris 


viris 


Ace. 


servos 


pueros 


agros 


viros 


Abl. 


servis 


pueris 


agris 


viris 



14. 



NOTES ON DECLENSION 



i. The vocative singular of nouns of the second declension 
in -us ends in -e ; as, serve, O slave. The vocative of all 
other nouns of any declension is like the nominative. 

2. Nouns in -ius form the genitive singular in -i, instead of 
-ii; as, filius, — genitive fili (for filii). These genitives accent 
the penult, even when short. Filius also has the vocative, fili. 

14 



Second Declension 15 

3. The irregular endings of dea and filia in the dative and 
ablative plural (2, 5) are to distinguish them from the same 
cases of deus, i, m., god, and filius, 1, m., son. 

4. Most nouns in -er are declined like ager. Socer, gener, 
the plural liberi, children, and a few uncommon words are like 
puer. 

15. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 

Masculine adjectives of the second declension end in -us and 
-er, and are declined like the corresponding nouns ; thus : 

Like servus : bonus, 1 longus, magnus, multus, parvus ; like 
ager : pulcher ; like puer : liber (see 25). 

16. EXERCISE 

Review 4. Decline bonus servus, the good slave ; bonus agri- 
cola, the good farmer ; ager magnus, a large field. 

17. APPOSITIVES 

i. Definition: A noun directly following another noun 
and denoting the same person or thing is called an appositive ; 

as, 

John, the porter. 

2. Rule: An appositive agrees in case tvith the noun which it 
limits ■• as, 

Marcus, puer, Marcus, the boy. 

3. An appositive has no case meaning of its own, and is 
translated as if nominative ; as, 

Marci, pueri, of Marcus, the boy. 

1 Adjectives have the same meanings in all genders. 



i6 



Elements of Latin 



18. 



VOCABULARY 



ad, prep. gov. ace, to, toward, 

for, near. 
ager, agri, m., field. 
filius, fill, m., son. 
Gallus, I, m., a Gaul ; pi., the 

Gauls. 
gener, eri, m., son-in-law. 
liberi, orum, m. pi., children. 



Marcus, I, m., Marcus. 
porto, I carry, bring. 
puer, eri, m., boy. 
pugno, I fight. 
servus, I, m., slave. 
socer, eri, m., father-in-law. 
vir, viri, m., man. 



19. 



EXERCISES 



I. 


Servi bonT. 


ii. 


Liberorum. 


2. 


Servos bonos. 


12. 


Bonis pueris. 


3- 


Socerorum. 


13- 


Bonus agricola. 


4- 


Marce. 


14. 


Multorum virorum 


5- 


Marcus, puer. 


i5- 


MultTs viris. 


6. 


Marco, puero. 


16. 


Filiis Marci. 


7- 


Fill. 


17- 


Filiabus Marci. 


8. 


Britannia, insula. 


18. 


Deabus. 


9- 


Portatis. 


19. 


Pugnas. 


IO. 


Pugnat. 


20. 


Portant. 



II 



I. 

2. 

3- 

4- 

5- 
6. 

7- 



Of a large boy. 

The son of Marcus. 

O son of Marcus ! 

To Marcus, the boy. 

Of Galba, son of Marcus. 

To Britain, an island. 

The son-in-law (obj.). 



8. O boy! 

9. We are fighting. 

10. You are carrying. 

1 1 . Good farmers (obj.). 

12. To many slaves. 

13. For many islands. 

14. O children ! 



Second Declension 17 

15. Small boys. 18. O slave ! 

16. To a small girl. 19. He fights. 

17. Many men of Gaul. 20. They carry. 

Ill 

1. Viri boni patriam amant. 2. Boni liberl rosas pul- 
chras ad 1 reglnam portant. 3. Vir est gener Marcl. 
4. Marcus, Gallus, est socer Galbae. 5. Agrico)a bonus 
liberos amat. 6. Gall! in Britannia pugnant. 7. Mar- 
cus, puer, filius agricolae est. 8. Servus ad 1 flliam 
agricolae multas rosas portat. 9. In Britannia, magna 
Insula, multi viri pugnant. 10. Generum Marcl laudo. 
11. Viri incolas Galliae vexant. 12. Galba et Marcus 
sunt fllii reglnae. 13. Puella ad 2 mensam rosas pulchras 
portat. 

IV 

1. The daughters of the queen are in the field. 
2. Galba is the son of Marcus, a good farmer. 3. Brit- 
ain, a large island, is the country of Galba. 4. The 
Gauls are fighting in Britain. 5. We praise the little 
daughters of Galba, an inhabitant of Italy. 6. The 
Gauls harass many farmers of Italy. 7. Marcus, a good 
man, is a Gaul. 8. I summon Galba, son-in-law of Mar- 
cus. 9. Marcus, the slave of the queen, is carrying the 
roses. 10. The girls love the queen's daughter. 

1 To, denoting motion toward, is expressed by ad and the accusative. 

PlLUM 



LESSON IV 
SECOND DECLENSION; QUESTIONS 

20. NOUNS IN -UM 

Neuter nouns of the second declension end in -um, and are 
declined as follows : 



Donum, ^t/?/ stem, dono- 



Singular 


Nom. 


donum 


Gen. 


doni 


Dat 


dono 


Ace. 


donum 


AM. 


dono 



Plural 

dona 

donorum 

donis 

dona 

donis 



21. NOTES ON DECLENSION 

i. The nominative and accusative of all neuter nouns are 
alike, and, in the plural, end in -a. This is true of neuter nouns 
of all declensions. 

2. Nouns in -ium form the genitive singular like nouns in 
-ius. (See 14, 2.) 

consilium, plan ; genitive, consili. 

22. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES 

Neuter adjectives of the second declension are declined like 
donum. The following are the neuters of adjectives in the pre- 
ceding vocabularies : bonum, magnum, multum, parvum, longum, 
pulchrum. Decline bellum magnum, a great war, 

18 



Second Declension ; Questions 19 

23. QUESTIONS 

A question may be introduced by the interrogative particle 
-ne, which is attached to the first word of the sentence ; as, 

Estne puer bonus, is the boy good? 
-Ne simply denotes interrogation ; it is not translated. 

24. WORD ORDER 

1. The usual order of the Latin sentence is subject, object, 
verb; as, 

Agricola puerum laudat, the farmer praises the boy. 

2. The basis of Latin word order is emphasis. Therefore, 
the usual order is often varied. Frequently, the emphatic word 
is placed first ; as, 

Puerum agricola laudat, the farmer praises the boy. 

3. Try to observe these principles in writing English-Latin 
sentences. 

25. VOCABULARY 

auxilium, auxili, n., aid, help. donum, 1, n., gift, present. 

bellum, 1, n., war. frumentum, 1, n., grain. 

comparo, I provide, get ready, liber, free (adj.); fern., libera ; 

prepare. neut., liberum. 

consilium, consili, n., plan, ad- -ne, interrogative particle. 

vice ; wisdom. oppidum, i, n., town, walled- 

copia, ae, f., supply, plenty ; pi., town. 

troops. proelium, proeli, n., battle. 

de, prep. gov. abl., about, con- Romani, orum, m., the Romans. 

cerning. ubi, where ? (adv.). 

deus, i, m., god. vasto, I lay waste. 



20 



Elements of Latin 



5 


56. EXERCISES 


i. 


Auxili. 


i 
ii. 


Consilils bonis. 


2. 


Consiliorum bonorum. 


12. 


Oppido magno. 


3- 


OppidTs magnls. 


1 3- 


Vastant. 


4- 


Vastatis. 


14. 


Comparamus. 


5- 


Frumento. 


J 5- 


Multum frumentum 


6. 


Virorum liberorum. 1 


16. 


Proelium copiarum. 


7- 


Viri et liber!. 2 


J 7- 


Copiis magnls. 


8. 


Dels et deabus. 


18. 


Parva dona. 


9- 


Bellum magnum. 


19. 


De consilio. 


IO. 


De bello. 


20. 


Comparas. 


i. 


Of a great war. 


II 
11. 


Of the children. 


2. 


The battle of the troops. 


12. 


To a free man. 


3- 


We are preparing. 


1 3- 


With much grain. 


4- 


For a small gift. 


14. 


Of great troops. 


5- 


Concerning troops. 


^5- 


By aid. 


6. 


To the walled-town. 


16. 


Good plans (subj.). 


7- 


With grain. 


i7- 


Good plans (obj.). 


8. 


Near 3 the town. 


18. 


Of many battles. 


9- 


For great troops. 


19. 


Of a small battle. 


IO. 


Of much grain. 


20. 


You lay waste. 



Ill 

1. Films et gener Marci in Gallia pugnant. 2. Mag- 
num proelium ad 4 oppidum est. 3. Copiae Romanorum 
frumentum comparant. 4. Agros Gallorum vastamus. 
5. Consilia de bello comparatis. 6. Socer Galbae ad 
oppidum frumentum portat. 7. Multi del et multae deae 



Adjective. 



2 Noun. 



3 Ad. 



4 Near. 



Second Declension; Questions 21 

sunt. 1 8. Virl et pueri et servi auxilium Romanls 2 com- 
parant. 9. Llberl dona amant. 10. Ubi est proelium ? 
11. Estne in oppido Gallorum ? 12. Roman! sunt llberi ; 
servi non llberi sunt. 13. Vexatisne incolas oppidi magni? 

TV 

1. The troops of the Romans harass the farmers of 
Italy. 2. Where are the troops of the Gauls? 3. You 
praise the good plan of Galba. 4. Is the town large? 
5. Is the town free? 6. Are you free? 7. The in- 
habitants of the large town are fighting. 8. Are you 
carrying grain to the troops ? .9. The supply of grain is 
large. 10. The troops lay waste Italy, the fatherland of 
the Romans. 

1 See 5 — est. 2 Dative. 




Corona 



LESSON V 



FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION: ADJECTIVES 



27. Since the masculine of adjectives is declined 
puer, or ager, the feminine like puella, and the neuter 
the complete declension of adjectives of the first 
declensions is as follows : 

Bonus, good (Masc. like servus) 
Singular 



like servus, 
like donum, 
and second 





Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Norn. 


bonus 


bona 


bonum 


Gen. 


boni 


bonae 


boni 


Dat. 


bono 


bonae 


bono 


Ace. 


bonum 


bonam 


bonum 


AM. 


bono 


bona 
Plural 


bono 


No?n. 


boni 


bonae 


bona 


Gen. 


bonorum 


bonarum 


bonorum 


Dat. 


bonis 


bonis 


bonis 


Ace. 


bonos 


bonas 


bona 


AM. 


bonis 


bonis 


bonis 




Pulcher, 


beautiful (Masc. like ager) 
Singular 






Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Norn. 


pulcher 


pulchra 


pulchrum 


Gen. 


pulchri 


pulchrae 


pulchri 


Dat. 


pulchro 


pulchrae 


pulchro 


Ace. 


pulchrum 


pulchram 


pulchrum 


AM. 


pulchro" 


pulchra 


pulchrO 



22 



First and Second Declension: Adjectives 23 



Nom. pulchri 



Plural 

pulchrae 

Etc., like bonus. 



pulchra 



Liber, free (Masc. like puer) 







Singular 


\ 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Nom. 


liber 


libera 


llberum 


Gen. 


liberi 


Hberae 


liberi 


Dat. 


libero 


Hberae 


libero 


Ace. 


llberum 


Hberam 


llberum 


AM. 


libero 


libera 
Plural 


libero 


Nom. 


liberi 


llberae 
Etc., like bonus. 


libera 



28. 



NOTES ON DECLENSION 



i. Adjectives in -us are declined like bonus, bona, bonum. 
The vocative singular masculine ends in -e (like that of servus). 
All other adjectives of all declensions have the vocative like the 
nominative. 

2. Most Adjectives in -er are like pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum. 
Miser, wretched, tener, tender, and asper, rough, are like liber, 
libera, liberum. 



29. 



EXERCISE 



Decline hortus pulcher, the beautiful garden ; magnum donum, 

a large gift. 



24 



Elements of Latin 



30, 

altus, a, um, high, deep. 
arma, orum, n. pi., arms. 
asper, era, erum, rough. 
bonus, a, um, good. 
fossa, ae, f., ditch, trench. 
hortus, I, in., garden. 
latus, a, um, wide, broad. 
liber, era, erum, free. 
longus, a, um, long. 



VOCABULARY 



magnus, a, um, great, large. 
miser, era, erum, wretched. 
murus, i, m., wall. 
multus, a, um, much ; pi., many. 
parvus, a, um, small, little. 
pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful. 
supero, I conquer, overcome. 
tener, era, erum, tender. 



31. 

i. Fossae altae. 

2. Armorum magnorum. 

3. Viae longae. 

4. Multorum puerorum. 

5. Via aspera. 

6. Servis miseris. 

7. Puellas parvas. 

8. Rosae pulchrae. 

9. Hortls pulchris. 
10. Copias superatis. 



EXERCISES 


1 

II. 


FossTs latis. 


12. 


Muro alto. 


J 3- 


Viis longls. 


14. 


VirT liberi. 


IS- 


Virl et liberi. 


16. 


Multa dona. 


*7- 


Servo misero. 


18. 


Puellae parvae. 


19. 


Rosis pulchris. 


20. 


Proelio magna 



II 



We overcome. 

He overcomes. 

Of many children. 

Of free men. 

In 1 a beautiful garden. 



6. To 2 a large town. 

7. With much grain. 

8. A wretched slave (obj.). 

9. The little girl (subj.). 
10. They prepare arms. 



1 See 12, II, 9. 



2 Ad. 



First and Second Declension: Adjectives 25 



11 
12 

J 3 
14 
15 



For large roses. 
By rough roads. 
To a deep trench. 
Deep trenches (obj.). 
High walls. 



16. Of a high wall. 

17. Of many gifts. 

18. You praise the girls. 

19. In l a deep trench. 

20. Of great battles. 



Ill 

1. Roman! arma et frumentum et copias comparant. 
2. Murus oppidl altus et fossa lata est. 3. Portasne 
rosas ad agricolam ? 4. Ad agricolam rosas non porto ; in 
horto agricolae multae 2 sunt. 5. Copiae Gallorum multa 
arma portant. 6. Via est longa et aspera. 7. Auxilio 
Gallorum copias superatis. 8. Gallos consilio bono 
proeli5 superat. 9. Servi miser! non Hberi sunt. 
10. Auxilio deorum patriam Gallorum vastamus. II. Ubi 
est donum puerl parvi ? 

IV 

1. The garden is large and beautiful. 2. In the small 
garden are many roses. 3. You overcome the troops in 
battle. 3 4. The children are little and tender. 5. The 
plan concerning the war is good. 6. Are the Gauls pre- 
paring great troops ? 7. Where is the grain ? 8. You 
are a free man. 9. Are you a free man ? 10. There 
are many farmers on the island. 



!See 12,11,9. 



2 Many (roses) , 



3 Cf. Ill, 8. 




Gladius 



32. 



LESSON VI 



IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES ; QUESTIONS 



THE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 



The following nine adjectives have -ius 1 in the genitive sin- 
gular, and -i in the dative singular ; the plural is regular. 

a. Alius has -ud in the nominative and accusative singular 
neuter, instead of -um. 





alius 


-a 


-ud, 


another, other. 




alter 


-era 


-erum, 


the oth 


er (of two). 




uter 


-tra 


-trum, 


which 


(of two) ? 




neuter 


-tra 


-trum, 


neither 


{of two). 




ullus 


-a 


-um, 


any. 






nullus 


-a 


-um, 


none. 






unus 


-a 


-um, 


one, alone, only. 




totus 


-a 


-um, 


whole. 






solus 


-a 


-um, 

Singular 


alone. 






Masc. 




Fern. 




Neut. 


Nom. 


alius 




alia 




aliud 


Gen. 


[alius] 




[alius] 


[alius] 2 


Dat. 


alii 




alii 




alii 


Ace. 


alium 




aliam 




aliud 


AM. 


alio 




alia 




alio 



1 Except alter, which usually has -Ius in poetry. 

2 This genitive rarely occurs. Its place is supplied by alterius. 

26 



Irregular Adjectives; Questions 



27 







Singular 






Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Nom. 


alter 


altera 


alterum 


Gen. 


alterlus 


alterlus 


alterlus 


Dat. 


alteri 


alteri 


alteri 


Ace. 


alterum 


alteram 


alterum 


AM. 


altero 


altera 


altero 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Nom. 


uter 


utra 


utrum 


Gen. 


utrius 


utrius 


utrius 


Dat. 


utri 


utri 


utri 


Ace. 


utrum 


utram 


utrum 


AM. 


utro 


utra 


utro 



33. QUESTIONS 

r. Sometimes we ask a question in such a way that it is clear 
we expect the answer " Yes " ; as, 

"Did you not lose your knife?" or ''You lost your knife, 
didn't you ? " 

2. In Latin, this kind of question is expressed by placing 
nonne at the beginning of the sentence ; as, 

Nonne copiaeagros vastant, the troops are laying waste the fields, 
are they not? 

Review 23. 



34. 



VOCABULARY 



As a part of this vocabulary, learn the meanings of the nine 
irregular adjectives. 



castra, orum, n., pi., camp. 
incito, / urge on, arouse. 
nonne, interrogative particle 
(affirmative). 



numerus, 1, m., number. 
occupo, I seize, take possession of. 
populus, I, m., people. 
Romanus, a, um, Roman. 



28 



Elements of Latin 



35. 



EXERCISES 



I 


. In castrls alteris. 


ii. 


In totis castrls. 


2 


. Ad nullum oppidum. 


12. 


Aliarum copiarum, 


3 


. Ton" numero. 


!3- 


Reginae solae. 


4 


. Puellas teneras. 


14. 


Filiae altenus. 


5 


. Copias incitas. 


is- 


Uno bello. 


6 


. Aliud oppidum. 


16. 


Alio populo. 


'7 


. Via utra ? 


J 7- 


Alii populo. 


8 


. Neuter puer. 


18. 


Ullius auxili. 


9 


. Nullius servi. 


19. 


Gallorum solorum. 


IO 


. NullI agro. 


20. 


Incolae alterius. 


i 


Of the other war. 


II 
1 1. 


You seize the town. 


2 


To the whole camp. 


12. 


Of the other town. 


3 


In the other island. 


1 3- 


Which daughter? (obj.) 


4 


Of the Gauls alone. 


14. 


To which girl ? 


5 


To neither boy. 


J 5- 


Of which girl ? 


6 


No girls (subj.). 


16. 


By any plan. 


7 


Of no girls. 


J 7- 


Another gift (obj.). 


8 


Of any town. 


18. 


For any grain. 


9 


For any slave. 


19. 


In one town. 


IO 


With any number. 


20. 


On the other wall. 



Ill 

1. Nonne altera castra populi R5manl sunt magna? 
2. Occupatisne neutra castra Gallorum ? 3. In castrls 
Romanorum est magnus numerus servorum. 4. Ad 
oppidum est fossa lata et longa. 5. Galba copias Gal- 
lorum superat et totum oppidum occupat. 6. Galli soli 
copias incitant et castra occupant. 7. Murum altum et 



Irregular Adjectives; Questions 



29 



latam fossam alterorum castrorum laudat. 8. Reglna 
hortum pulchrum amat. 9. Suntne viae asperae et longae ? 
10. Nonne Galba est vir liber ? n. Multa arma alia 
in castrls sunt. 12. Nullos agros Gallorum vastatis. 
13. Servl incolae sunt miserl. 14. Nonne ulla oppida 
occupatis ? 

IV 

1. The Roman people alone are preparing no arms. 
2. The number of men is large. 3. The troops fight 
near the town and seize the other camp. 4. Which 
town do they seize? 5. Are there not many Gauls in 
the camp ? 6. Is there plenty of grain in the other 
field? 7. Are there not many men in the town? 8. The 
Roman troops are seizing the wall, are they not ? 
9. There is no grain in the whole field. 




SlGNA ROMANA 
I. Aquila 2. Signum 3. Vexillum 



LESSON VII 



THIRD DECLENSION: CONSONANT STEMS; QUESTIONS 



36. 



THIRD DECLENSION: CONSONANT STEMS 



Nouns of the third declension are classified as consonant 
stems, -i stems, and mixed stems. 

Nouns with consonant stems have the stem ending in a mute 
(b, p, d, t, c, g), a liquid (1, r), a nasal (n), or a spirant (s). 



Rex, m., king; 
stem, reg- 



Nom. 


rex 


Gen. 


regis 


Dat. 


regi 


Ace. 


regem 


Abl. 


rege 


Nom. 


reges 


Gen. 


regum 


Dat. 


regibus 


Ace. 


reges 


Abl.. 


regibus 



Mute Stems 




Dux, m., leader ; 


Princeps, m., chief; 


stem, duc- 


stem, princip- 


SlNGULAR 




dux 


princeps 


ducis 


principis 


duel 


principi 


ducem 


principem 


duce 


principe 


Plural 




duces 


principes 


ducum 


principum 


ducibus 


principibus 


duces 


principes 


ducibus 


principibus 


30 





Third Declension: Consonant Stems; Questions 31 



Miles, m., soldier ; 


Lapis, m., stone , 


Caput, n., head ; 




stem, milit- 


stem, lapid 
Singular 


stem, capit- 


Nom. 


miles 


lapis 


caput 


Gen. 


militis 


lapidis 


capitis 


Dat. 


militi 


lapidi 


capiti 


Ace. 


militem 


lapidem 


caput 


AM. 


milite 


lapide 
Plural 


capite 


Nom. 


milites 


lapides 


capita 


Gen. 


militum 


lapidum 


capitum 


Dat. 


militibus 


lapidibus 


capitibus 


Ace. 


milites 


lapides 


capita 


AM. 


militibus 


lapidibus 


capitibus 




B. Liquid Stems 




Consul, m., consul ; 


Victor, m., victor ; 


Pater, m., father; 




stem, consul- 


stem, vict5r- 

SlNGULAR 


stem, patr- 


Nom. 


consul 


victor 


pater 


Gen. 


consulis 


victoris 


patris 


Dat. 


consull 


victorl 


patri 


Ace. 


consulem 


victorem 


patrem 


AM. 


consule 


victore 
Plural 


patre 


Nom. 


consules 


victores 


patres 


Gen. 


consilium 


victorum 


patrum 


Dat. 


consulibus 


victoribus 


patribus 


Ace. 


consules 


victores 


patres 


AM. 


consulibus 


victoribus 


patribus 



3 2 



Elements of Latin 





C. 


Nasal Stems. 




Legio, f., legion ; 


Homo, m. , man ; 


Flumen, n., river ; 


stem, legion- 


stem, homin- 


stem, flumin- 






SlNGULAR 




iVi?^. 


legio 


homo 


flumen 


Gen. 


legionis 


hominis 


fluminis 


Dat. 


legion! 


homini 


flumini 


Ace. 


legionem 


hominem 


flumen 


Abl. 


legione 


homine 

Plural 


flumine 


Nom. 


legiones 


homines 


flumina 


Gen. 


legionum 


hominum 


fliiminum 


Dat. 


legionibus 


hominibus 


fluminibus 


Ace. 


legiones 


homines 


flumina 


Abl. 


legionibus 


hominibus 


fluminibus 




D. 


Spirant Stems 






M5s, m., custom ; 


Tempus, n., time ; 


Genus, n., kind ; 




stem, mos- 


stem, tempos- 

SlNGULAR 


stem, genes- 


Nom. mos 


tempus 


genus 


Gen 


:. moris 


temporis 


generis 


Dat 


'. mori 


tempori 


generi 


Ace. 


morem 


tempus 


genus 


Abl. 


more 


tempore 

Plural 


genere 


Nom. mores 


tempora 


genera 


Gen 


morum 


temporum 


generum 


Dat 


moribus 


temporibus 


generibus 


Ace. 


mores 


tempora 


genera 


Abl. 


moribus 


temporibus 


generibus 



Third Declension: Consonant Stems; Questions $2) 

37. NOTES ON DECLENSION 

i. In spirant stems, the -s of the stem becomes -r, except in 
the nominative and vocative singular, and in some words even 
in those cases ; as, honor, honoris, m., honor ; stem, honos-. 

2. No simple rule can be given for the formation of the 
nominative singular of nouns of the third declension. , The 
nominative, genitive, and gender of each noun should be learned 
as it occurs. 

3. Neuters follow the regular rule for the nominative and 
accusative. (See 21, 1.) 

38. EXERCISE 

Learn the nominative, genitive, and gender of each noun in 
the vocabulary. Decline consul bonus, a good consul ; virtus 
magna, great valor ; flumen longum, a long river. 

39. QUESTIONS 

1. Sometimes we ask a question in such a way that it is clear 
we expect the answer " No " ; as, 

" He didn't go, did he ? " 

2. In Latin, this form of question is expressed by putting 
num at the beginning of the sentence ; as, 

Num copiae agros vastant, the troops are not laying waste the 
fields, are they ? 

3. Review 23, 33. 

40. VOCABULARY 

caput, capitis, n., head. exspecto, / await, wait for, ex- 
consul, consulis, m., consul (a pect. 

Roman official). flumen, fluminis, n., river. 

dux, ducis, m., leader ; guide. habet, he (she, it) has. 



34 



Elements of Latin 



habent, they have. 
legio, legionis, f., legion. 
miles, militis, m., soldier. 
num, interrogative particle 

(negative). 
oppugno, I attack. 
periculum, 1, n., risk, danger. 
princeps, principis, m., chief. 



provincia, ae, f., province. 

sine, prep. gov. abl., without. 

tempus, temporis, n., time; oc^ 
casion. 

trans, prep. gov. ace, across. 

virtus, virtutis, f., valor, brav- 
ery ; virtue. 



4 


tl. 


EXERCISES 


i. 


Ducibus. 


1 
II. 


Consul! bono. 


2. 


Tempora. 


12. 


Multi duces. 


3- 


Capiti. 


J 3- 


Temporum aliorum, 


4- 


Principes. 


14. 


Milites habent. 


5- 


Sine periculo. 


i5- 


Trans flumen. 


6. 


Consulum. 


16. 


Princeps Gallorum. 


7- 


In provincia. 


i7- 


Virtiite magna. 


8. 


Flumina. 


18. 


Virtute sola. 


9- 


Legionem. 


19. 


Ducem bonum. 


IO. 


Capita. 


20. 


Duel alii. 


i. 


Of the river. 


II 
11. 


For another time. 


2. 


By valor. 


12. 


To the other leader, 


3- 


For a soldier. 


T 3- 


To valor alone. 


4- 


O leader ! 


14. 


Many chiefs. 


5- 


To the chiefs. 


J 5- 


Across the rivers. 


6. 


Without a guide. 


16. 


Without legions. 


7- 


Of one legion. 


J7- 


No soldiers. 


8. 


To the consul. 


18. 


For no soldiers. 


9- 


Of heads. 


19. 


Of the other consul 


IO. 


The leader (obj.). 


20. 


Of which consul ? 



Third Declension: Consonant Stems; Questions 35 

in 

1. Ducem militum vocatis. 2. Una legio sine ullo 
periculo oppidum oppugnat. 3. Num incolae provinciae 
auxilium Romanorum exspectant ? 4. Magnus numerus 
militum oppidum alterum oppugnat. 5. Nonne prlncipes 
copias incitant? 6. Uter vir est dux legionis ? 7. Num 
castra occupatis et alias legiones exspectatis ? 8. Suntne 
agrl et copia frumentl trans flumen ? 9. Nonne RomanI 
duces et copias habent ? 10. Neuter consul magnum 
numerum militum habet. 1 1. Puer caput magnum habet. 
12. Num tempus est longum ? 13. Virtute sola milites 
superamus. 14. Gall! totam provinciam vexant et vastant. 

IV 

1. There are many soldiers of one legion in the camp. 

2. The inhabitants of Britain do not expect aid, do they ? 

3. Is not the valor of the chief great ? 4. The legions 
do not attack the province, do they ? 5. The Gauls have 
good leaders, have they not ? 6. The leader of the Gauls 
does not lay waste the fields, does he ? 7. We lay waste 
many fields without danger. 8. Is there a river near the 
town ? 9. There are many chiefs in the province. 
10. The leader has other troops. 



Tuba 



LESSON VIII 
THIRD DECLENSION : -I STEMS ; MIXED STEMS 

42. -I STEMS 

Certain nouns of the third declension have the stem ending 
in -i. This stem vowel, when combined with the case endings, 
results in terminations which differ somewhat from those of 
consonant stems. 



Hostis, m., enemy ; 


Turris, f., tower ; 




Vis, f., force ; 


stem, hosti- 


stem, turri- 

SlNGULAR 




stem, vi-; viri- 


Nom. hostis 


turris 




vis 


Gen. hostis 


turris 




vis 


Dat. hosti 


turri 




vi 


Ace. hostem 


turrim, em 




vim 


Abl. hoste 


turri, e 
Plural 




VI 


Nom. hostes 


turres 




vires 


Gen. hostium 


turrium 




vlrium 


Dat. hostibus 


turribus 




vlribus 


Ace. hostis, es 


turris, es 




vlris, es 


Abl. hostibus 


turribus 




vlribus 


Sedile, n., seat ; 


Animal, 


n., animal ; 


stem, sedili- 


Singular 


stem, 


animali- 


Nom. sedile 




an 


imal 


Gen. sedilis 




an 


imalis 


Dat. sedili 




animali 


Ace. sedile 




an 


imal 


Abl. sedili 




animali 



36 



Third Declension: -I Stems; Mixed Stems 37 



Plural 



Nom. 


sedilia 


animalia 


Gen. 


sedilium 


animalium 


Dat. 


sedllibus 


animalibus 


Ace. 


sedilia 


animalia 


AM. 


sedllibus 


animalibus 



43. 



NOTES ON DECLENSION 



i. Masculines and Feminines. 

a. The termination of the genitive plural is -ium ; of the 
accusative plural, -Is or -es. 

b. Most nouns have -e in the ablative singular. A few have 
both -1 and -e. Vis has only -1. 

e. Most nouns have -em in the accusative singular. Tunis 
has both -im and -em. Vis has only -im. 

2. Neuters. 

All these have -I in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitive 
plural, and -ia in the nominative and accusative plural. 



44. 



MIXED STEMS 



Nouns with mixed stems are declined in the singular as con- 
sonant stems, and in the plural as -i stems. 



Arx, f., citadel , 
stem, arc(i)- 



Caedes, f., slaughter ; Civitas, f., state ; 
stem, caed(i)- stem, civitat(i)- 



Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 
AM. 



arx 

arcis 

arc! 

arcem 

arce 




Singular 

caedes 

caedis 

caedi 

caedem 

caede 



civitas 

civitatis 

civitati 

civitatem 

clvitate 



38 



Elements of Latin 







Plural 




No in. 


arces 


caedes 


clvitates 


Gen. 


arcium 


caedium 


civitatium (-urn) x 


Dat. 


arcibus 


caedibus 


civitatibus 


Ace. 


arcis, es 


caedis, es 


civitatis, es 


Abl. 


arcibus 


caedibus 


civitatibus 



45. 



CLASSIFICATION OF STEMS 



i. To decline a noun of the third declension, it is necessary 
to determine whether it has a consonant stem, an -i stem, or a 
mixed stem. 

2. The following have -i stems : 

a. Nouns in -is having the same number of syllables in the 
genitive as in the nominative. 

b. Neuters in -e, -al, -ar. 

3. The following have mixed stems : 

a. Nouns in -es having the same number of syllables in the 
genitive as in the nominative. 

b. One syllable nouns in -s, -x, preceded by a consonant. 
e. Nouns in -ns, -rs. 

d. Nouns in -tas. 



46. 



VOCABULARY 



animal, animalis, n., animal. 

arx, arcis, f., citadel. 

cohors, cohortis,f.,<r^<?r/(one of 

the ten divisions of a legion). 
collis, col lis, m., hill. 
coniiiro, / conspire, plot. 
eques, equitis, m., horseman; 

pi., cavalry. 
gens, gentis, f., tribe, race. 



hostis, hostis, m., enemy. 
idoneus, a, um, suitable. 
mare, maris, n., sea. 
navis, navis, f., ship, boat; 

navis longa, warship. 
nomen, nominis, n., name. 
silva, ae, f., forest, woods. 
turris, turris, f., tower. 
vis, vis, f., strength, force. 



1 Nouns in -tas, -tatis usually have -um in the genitive plural. 



Third Declension: -I Stems; Mixed Stems 39 



47. 



EXERCISES 



I. 


Capite. 


1 1 


Caput parvum. 


2. 


Turrium. 


12 


Turres altae. 


3- 


Cohorte. 


J 3 


Turns altas. 


4- 


VI. 


14 


Vires. 


5- 


Maria. 


15 


Multos hostls. 


6. 


Maribus. 


16 


Ducem solum. 


7- 


Nave. 


17 


Gentium aliarum. 


8. 


Hostl. 


18 


Navi longa. 


9- 


Hostls. 


J 9 


Navi longae. 


10. 


Navis. 


20 
II 


Collls altos. 


1. 


Of a warship. 


1 1. 


By great force. 


2. 


Of warships. 


12. 


To the other cohorts. 


3- 


The enemies (obj.). 


*3- 


Of the whole cohort. 


4- 


Of the enemy. 


14. 


On another hill. 


5- 


Of the tribes. 


iS- 


To the good horsemen 


6. 


To the sea. 


16. 


By a warship. 


7- 


By the sea. 


i7- 


To the enemy. 


8. 


Seas (subj.). 


18. 


By the name. 


9- 


In the citadel. 


19. 


On a beautiful hill. 


10. 


Of animals. 


20. 


Of a suitable ship. 



Ill 

1. In silva sunt multa animalia. 2. Tempus proelio : 
idoneum est. 3. Una cohors legionis in Gallia pugnat. 
4. Ad 2 mare est turris alta. 5. Nomen prlncipis Gal- 
lorum est Galba. 6. Num copias hostium exspectatis ? 
7. Vis fluminis est magna. 8. Arx oppidi in colle est. 

1 Dative; for. 2 Cf. 26, II, 8. 



4Q 



Elements of Latin 



9. Duces multarum gentium coniurant. 10. In marl 
naves parvae in magno pericul5 sunt. 11. Multi hostes 
collem occupant et vl magna arcem oppugnant. 
12. Hostes superatis et castra occupatis. 13. Mare pul- 
chrum et collls altos araamus. 14. Duces RomanI milites 
et equites comparant. 

IV 

1. The citadel is on a high hill. 2. There are many 
cohorts in one legion. 3. The Gauls have many tribes. 
4. Is the hill suitable for a camp ? 1 5. We summon the 
leader across the river. 6. You praise the horsemen and 
the other soldiers. 7. We attack many tribes in one 
province. 8. On the sea there is a large number of ships. 
9. The enemy 2 are not on the hill, are they? 10. The 
sea is broad and beautiful. 



1 Cf. Ill, 2. 



Enemy is usually plural in Latin. 




Agricola arat 



LESSON IX 
THIRD DECLENSION: GENDER; PRACTICE 

48. GENDER 

The gender of nouns of the third declension is best learned 
for each noun as it occurs in the vocabularies. The fol- 
lowing rules, however, are of help, although they have many 
exceptions : 

i. Masculine: Nouns in -6, -or, -6s, -er, -es. 

2. Feminine : Nouns in -as, -es, -is, -us, -x, -s (following a 
consonant), -do, -go, -io (abstract or collective). 

3. Neuter : Nouns in -c, -1, -t, -y, -1, -a, -n, -e, -ar, -ur, -us. 

49. REVIEW AND PRACTICE 

1. Review carefully the paradigms in Lessons VII, VIII, 
and the Notes on Declension, 37, 43. 

2. Study Vocabulary 50, and review 40, 46, learning the 
nominative, genitive, and gender of each noun of the third 
declension. 

3. Review the Classification of Stems, 45. 

4. Make a list of fifteen nouns chosen at random from those 
you have learned, and write them as in the examples below. 
Determine the stems by the rules given in 45. x 

1 Pupils should have repeated drill in this work until the class of stem is 
instantly recognized. The stem of each noun of the third declension should be 
determined when it occurs in the vocabulary. 

41 



42 



Elements of Latin 



Examples : 








Nom. 


Gen. 


Gender 


Stem 


miles 


mllitis 


m. 


. consonant 


Tgnis 


ignis 


m. 


-i. 


gens 


gentis 


f. 


mixed. 



5. Decline several nouns in the list you have made. 



50. 



VOCABULARY 



a, ab, prep. gov. abl., by ^ from. 

(The form ab is always used 

before vowels or h.) 
agmen, agminis, n., column, 

army on the inarch. 
civis, civis, m. or f., citizen. 
colloco, I put, place, station. 
corpus, corporis, n., body. 
e, ex, prep. gov. abl., from, out 

of. (The form ex is always 

used before vowels or h.) 



finis, finis, m., end, boicndary ; 
pi., territory. 

ignis, ignis, m.,fire. 

locus, i, m., place; pi., loca, 
drum, n. 

mons, montis, m., mountain. 

pars, partis, f., part, side, direc- 
tion ; una ex parte, on one 
side. 

telum, i, n., weapon. 



51. 



EXERCISES 



I. 


Clvium. 


2. 


Civis. 


3- 


Gives. 


4- 


Ex parte. 


5- 


Corpora. 


6. 


Fines. 


7- 


Agminum. 



8. Finium. 

9. Ab equitibus. 

10. Equitum. 

11. Corpora magna. 

12. Vis magnae. 

13. Multa animalia. 

14. A principibus bonis. 



1 " By" a person is expressed by a, ab, and the ablative ; " by" a thing, by the 
ablative alone. 



Third Declension: Gender; Practice 



43 



15. Arcis idoneae. 

16. Multarum gentium. 

17. In locls altis. 



I. 


For the territory. 


2. 


To the mountain. 


3- 


Of bodies. 


4- 


Citizens (obj.). 


S- 


In the column. 


6. 


Seas (subj.). 


7- 


By the enemy. 


8. 


Of the cohorts. 


9- 


By a weapon. 


10. 


By the cohorts. 



18. Montium altorum. 

19. N avium parvarum. 

20. Marl lato. 



II 



11. By a great fire. 

12. Of a suitable place. 

13. Suitable places. 

14. Of high hills. 

15. Of Roman names. 

16. The high tower. 

17. Of high towers. 

18. Of broad rivers. 

19. Broad rivers. 

20. Great seas. 



Ill 

1. In castns hostium est magnus numerus telorum. 

2. Una ex parte montis est Ignis magnus. 3. Dux in 

loco idoneo unam cohortem legionis collocat. 4. Cives 

in muro et in turri alta pugnant. 5. Copiae ad ducem 

dona portant. 6. Hostes coniurant et naves longas com- 

parant. 7. Collis est proelio idoneus locus. 8. Maria 

sunt lata et flumina sunt longa. 9. Multi mllites ex 1 

agrls frumentum portant. 10. Ab 2 Italia consulem 

vocamus. 

IV 

1. The soldiers are carrying the weapons out of the 
camp. 2. The soldiers attack the citadel of the town 
with great force. 3. The leader summons the legions 



1 " Out of'a. place is expressed by e, ex, and the ablative ; "from " a place, by 
a, ab, and the ablative. 



44 



Elements of Latin 



from the province. 4. The bodies of many soldiers are 
in the river. 5. The Romans seize and lay waste the 
territory of the Gauls. 6. The forest is a suitable place 
for many animals. 7. The enemy's weapons are not in 
the camp, are they ? 8. The troops are preparing grain 
and weapons. 9. The Roman column is on one side of 
the hill. 10. In the town is a supply of weapons. 




AUSPICIA 



LESSON X 

ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION; INDIRECT 

OBJECT 



52. 



ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION 



* 




Acer, 

stem, 

SlN< 


sharp ; 
acri- 

5ULAR 








Masc. 




Fern. 




Neut. 


Nom. 


acer 




acris 




acre 


Gen. 


acris 




acris 




acris 


Dat. 


acri 




acri 




acri 


Ace. 


acrem 


. 


acrem 




acre 


Abl. 


acri 




acri 




acri 






Plural 






Nom. 


acres 




acres 




acria 


Gen. 


acrium 




acrium 




acrium 


Dat. 


acribus 




acribus 




acribus 


Ace. 


acris, es 




acris, es 




acria 


Abl. 


acribus 




acribus 




acribus 






Facilis, easy; 










stem, 


facili- 










Singular 








Masc. and Fern. 


Neut. 






Nom. 


facilis 




facile 






Gen. 


facilis 




facilis 






Dat. 


facili 




facili 






Ace. 


facilem 




facile 






Abl. 


facili 


45 


facili 





46 



Elements of Latin 



Plural 





Masc. and Fern. 


Neut. 




. 


Nom. faciles 




facilia 






Gen. facilium 




facilium 




Dat. facilibus 




facilibus 




Ace. facilis, es 


facilia 




Abl. facilibus 




facilibus 






Ferax, fertile ; 


Prudens, wise ; 




stem, f eraci- 


stem, prudenti- 






Singular 






Masc. and Fern. 


Neut. 


Masc. and Fem. 


Neut. 


Norn, 


ferax 


ferax 


prudens 


prudens 


Gen. 


feracis 


feracis 


prudentis 


prudentis 


Dat. 


feraci 


feraci 


prudenti 


prudenti 


Ace. 


feracem 


ferax 


prudentem 


prudens 


Abl. 


feraci, e 


feraci, e 


« prudenti, e 


prudenti, e 






Plural 




Norn, 


feraces 


feracia 


prudentes 


prudentia 


Gen. 


feracium 


feracium 


prudentium 


prudentium 


Dat. 


feracibus 


feracibus 


prudentibus 


prudentibus 


Ace. 


feracis, es 


feracia 


prudentis, es 


prudentia 


Abl. 


feracibus 


feracibus 
Vetus, 


prudentibus 

old; 


prudentibus 






stem, veter- 






Singular 


Plural 




Masc. and Fem. 


Neut. 


Masc. and Fem. 


Neut. 


Nom 


vetus 


vetus 


veteres 


vetera 


Gen. 


veteris 


veteris 


veterum 


veterum 


Dat. 


veteri 


veteri 


veteribus 


veteribus 


Ace. 


veterem 


vetus 


veteres 


vetera 


Abl. 


vetere 


vetere 


veteribus 


veteribus 



Adjectives of the Third Declension 47 

53. NOTES ON DECLENSION 

i. Adjectives of the third declension in -er have three termi- 
nations in the nominative singular, like acer ; those in -is have 
two, like facilis. These have -i stems, with -i in the ablative 
singular. 

2. Adjectives of one termination are like ferax, priidens, or 
vetus. They have -i stems (except vetus and a few others) and 
have -i (rarely -e) in the ablative singular. 

54. EXERCISE 

Decline hortus ferax, the fertile garden ; proelium acre, a shaip 
battle ; navis celeris, 1 a sivift ship. 

55. INDIRECT OBJECT 

1. Definition: The indirect object of a verb denotes the 
person to whom something is given, said, or done ; as, 

I gave a ball to the boy. I gave the boy a bail. 

2. Rule : The indirect object is put in the dative case. 

Tubam puero dat, he gives a trumpet to the boy. 

56. VOCABULARY 

acer, acris, acre, sharp, fierce. cum, prep. gov. abl., with. 

brevis, breve, brief, short. do, 2 I give. 

celer, celeris, celere, swift, quick, ferax, ferax, gen. feracis, fertile. 

communis, commune, co?nmon, gravis, grave, heavy, difficult, 

general. serious. 

confirmo, I establish, strengthen, incredibilis, incredibile, not to 

encourage. be believed, incredible. 

1 Celer retains e before r, and has no genitive plural. 

2 The forms damus, datis have a short. 



1 



48 



Elements of Latin 



magnitudo, magnitudinis, i.,size, 
greatness. 

omnis, omne, all, every. 

pax, pads, 1, peace. 

-que, and. (Conjunction de- 
noting closer connection than 



et. It is enclitic, i.e. ap- 
pended to the last of the 
connected words.) 
vetus, vetus, gen. veteris, old, 
ancient. 



57. 



EXERCISES 



I. 


Agrorum feracium. 


ii. 


2. 


Proelia acria. 


12. 


3- 


Omnibus proelhs. 


!3- 


4- 


Agris feracibus. 


14. 


5- 


Omnium militum. 


J 5- 


6. 


Temporis veteris. 


16. 


7- 


Tempore brevi. 


J7- 


8. 


In omnibus oppidis. 


18. 


9- 


Omni host!. 


19. 


IO. 


Corpore gravi. 


20. 



In finibus feracibus. 

Magnitudo incredibilis. 

Telo brevi. 

In horto feraci. 

Penculum commune. 
16. Periculo communi. 

Omnium montium. 
18. Omnibus ex partibus. 

Ignis celeris. 

In agro feraci. 



II 



1. All places. 

2. Every battle. 

3. Of a short time. 

4. Of all legions. 

5. By sharp battles. 

6. Fertile territory. 

7. In all places. 

8. In every place. 

9. For a heavy table. 
10. On a heavy table. 



11. Heavy weapons. 

12. An incredible war. 

13. Of a brief peace. 

14. Of a swift river. 

15. A swift column. 

16. To a swift column. 

17. All citizens. 

18. For all citizens. 

19. Of an ancient wall. 

20. Broad seas. 



Adjectives of the Third Declension 49 

in 

1. Roman! cum omnibus gentibus pacem confirmant. 
2. Magnitiido corporis Gallorum est incredibilis. 3. In 
Italia omnes agricolae agros feraces et bonum frumentum 
habent. 4. Via est brevis bonaque. 5. Feraces agros 
agricolarum vastatis. 6. Dux omnibus militibus tela dat. 
7. Pueri puellaeque ex horto rosas portant. 8. Castra 
fossa muroque confirmamus. 9. Omnes milites tela 
gravia portant. 10. Proelio acrl copiae Gallorum hostis 
superant. 11. Agricolae Italiae militibus Romanis fru- 
mentum dant. 12. Una legio sine auxilio, virtute incre- 
dibili, Gallos superat. 13. Omnes fines Gallorum in 
provincia Romana non sunt. 14. Incolis insulae aux- 
ilium damus. 

IV 

1. He gives a present to the slave. 2. The common 
danger arouses all the legions. 3. Italy is the ancient 
fatherland of the Romans. 4. You fight with 1 the 
Gauls. 5. The soldiers attack the wall with many 
weapons. 6. You establish peace with Britain. 7. The 
Romans give fertile fields to the Gauls. 8. All the Gauls 
are conspiring concerning a common war. 9. We sum- 
mon the soldiers from the wall by a trumpet. 10. We 
give much grain to the inhabitants. 

1 With should be expressed by cum unless it is equivalent in meaning to by. 




IUMENTUM 



LESSON XI 

FOURTH AND FIFTH DECLENSIONS; GENDER 

58. FOURTH DECLENSION 

Nouns of the fourth declension end in -us, masculine, and 
-ii, neuter, and are declined as follows : 





Fructus, m., fruit; 




Cornu, n., horn ; 




stem, fructu- 


Singular 


stem, cornu- 


Nom. 


fructUS 




cornii 


Gen. 


fructus 




cornus 


Dat. 


fructui 




cornu 


Ace. 


fructum 




cornu 


Abl. 


fructii 


Plural 


cornu 


Nom. 


fructus 




cornua 


Gen. 


fructuum 




cornuum 


Dat. 


fructibus 




cornibus 


Ace. 


fructus 




cornua 


Abl. 


fructibus 




cornibus 



59. 



NOTES ON DECLENSION 



i. Domus, house, and manus, hand, are exceptions in gender, 
being feminine. i 

2. Domus has also second declension terminations in certain 
cases. These will be given later. 

5° 



Fourth and Fifth Declensions ; Gender 



5i 



60. 



FIFTH DECLENSION 



Nouns of the fifth declension end in -es and are declined as 
follows : 





Dies, day ; 




Res, thing 




stem, die- 


Singular 


stem, re- 


Nom. 


dies 




res 


Gen. 


diei 




rgl 


Dat. 


diei 




rei 


Ace. 


diem 




rem 


Abl. 


die 




re 



Plural 



Nom. 


dies 


Gen. 


dierum 


Dat. 


diebus 


Ace. 


dies 


Abl. 


diebus 



res 

rerum 

rebus 

res 

rebus 



61. 



NOTES ON DECLENSION 



1. Gender, feminine. Dies is an exception, being masculine, 
although in the singular it is sometimes feminine. 

2. Most nouns of the fifth declension are not declined in the 
plural. Only dies and res have all forms of the plural. 

3. The genitive and dative singular have the termination -ei 
after a vowel, -el after a consonant ; as, diei, rei. 



62. 



EXERCISE 



Decline portus magnus, a large harbor ; iinum cornii, one wing ; 
dies longus, a long day ; dies brevis, a short day. 



52 



Elements of Latin 



63. 



REVIEW OF GENDER 



i. Review the gender rules of the third declension, 48. 
2. Learn the following review table : 



Declension 


Nom. 


Ending 


Gender 


First 


-a 






fern, except males. 


Second 


-us, 
-um 


-er, 


-ir 


masc. 
neuter. 


Fourth 


-us 
-u 






( domus 
masc. exc. 1 

( manus 

neuter. 


Fifth 


-es 






fern. exc. dies. 



64. 



VOCABULARY 



acies, aciei, f., line of battle. 
commeatus, us, m., provisions, 

supplies. 
cornii, us, n., wing (of an army) ; 

horn. 
dies, diei, m. or f., day. 
domus, us, f., house, home. 
exercitus, us, m., army. 
ferus, a, um, wild, savage. 
friictus, us, m., fruit, crop. 



German!, orum, m., the Ger- 
mans. 

in, prep. gov. ace, into, toward, 
against ; gov. abl., in, on. 

manus, us, f., hand ; band, force. 

portus, us, m., port, harbor. 

res, rei, f., thing, affair, matter. 

species, el, f., sight ; appearance. 

terra, ae, f., land, country; 
terra, by land; terra marique, 
by land and sea. 



65. 



i. 

2. 

3- 

4- 



EXERCISES 
I 



.Terra feraci. 
Germanorum solorum. 
Germanis soils. 
Gentium ferarum. 



5. Rebus magnis. 

6. Commeatus frumenti. 

7. Manus hostium. 

8. Manibus hostium. 



Fourth and Fifth Declensions ; Gender 53 



9- 


Unlus cornus. 


10. 


Species fera. 


n. 


Terra manque. 


12. 


In portu magno. 


1 3- 


A Germanis. 


14. 


A loco. 



15. Ad castra. 

16. In Italiam. 

17. Cum virtute. 

18. Una ex parte. 

19. In portum magnum. 

20. In portu oppidl. 



II 



I. 


Ot a wild appearance. 


11 


2. 


Wild animals. 


12 


3- 


The fruits of the fields. 


J 3 


4- 


Concerning many things. 


14 


5- 


Of many things. 


15 


6. 


A long day (obj.). 


16 


7- 


Part of the army. 


17 


8. 


By a sharp battle. 


18, 


9- 


A short war. 


19. 


10. 


For a large harbor. 


20. 



For large harbors. 
Of a short peace. 
By a short peace. 
Large houses. 
Of good fruits. 
Chiefs of the Germans. 
To wild animals. 
Suitable things. 
Of heavy weapons. 
To a wretched slave. 



Ill 




1. Mllites R5manl terra marlque Germanos oppugnant. 
2. Dux exercitui commeatus frumenti dat. . 3. In Gallia 
sunt multae gentes et ferae. 4. Incolae Britanniae de 
multis rebus coniurant. 5. In Italia fructus agrorum 
feracium sunt multi. 6. Feri GermanI unum cornu exer- 
citus oppugnant. 7. Manus hostium sunt magnae acres- 
que. 8. In portu oppidl sunt multae naves longae. 
9. Dux in colle aciem collocat. 10. Principes Germano- 
rum virls dona frumenti dant. 11. In castra omnes 
mllites vocatis. 12. Dies proelio idoneus est. 13. In 
Britannia est domus Marcl. 14. Incredibilis est magni- 
tudo Germanorum et species fera est. 15. Proelio acrl 
brevique hostis communis superamus. 



54 



Elements of Latin 



IV 

I. We fight with 1 the enemy in 2 a sharp battle. 2. We 
give grain to the troops. 3. The Roman troops are 
carrying supplies into the territory of the Germans. 
4. We summon the slaves from the fields. 5. The seri- 
ous danger arouses all the Germans. 6. The danger 
of the Roman people and of the other inhabitants is great. 

7. We give the Germans gifts and establish peace. 

8. Many things arouse the inhabitants. 9. Are there 
supplies in the camp ? 10. Is the harbor suitable for 
warships ? 

1 Cf. 57, IV, 4, footnote. 2 cf. Ill, 15. 




Templum 



LESSON XII 
REVIEW OF NOUNS; COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 

66. EXERCISE 

Study the review chart of nouns, 128. 

67. COMPARISON OP ADJECTIVES 

i. Adjectives have three degrees of comparison, — positive, 
comparative, and superlative ; as, 

long, longer, longest. 

2. The comparative degree of an adjective is formed by add- 
ing -ior (neuter, -ius) to the base of the positive (2, 2). 

Altus, high (base, alt-) ; altior, higher. 

3. The superlative degree is regularly formed by adding 
-issimus (-a, -um) to the base of the positive. 

Felix, happy (base, felic-) ; felicissimus, happiest. 
a. Exception : Adjectives ending in -er form the superlative 
by adding -rimus (-a, -um) to the nominative of the positive. 
Acer, sharp ; acerrimus, sharpest. 

4. The complete comparisons are therefore as follows : 



Positive 


Comparative 


Superlative 


altus 


altior 


altissimus 


felix 


felicior 


felicissimu 


acer 


acrior 


acerrimus 


celer 


celerior 

55 


celerrimus 



56 Elements of Latin 

68. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES 
i. Comparative adjectives are declined as follows : 

Altior, higher 





Singular 




Plural 






Masc. and Fem. 


Neut. 


Masc. and Fem. 


Neut. 


Nom. 


altior 


altius 


altiores 


altiora 


Ge?i. 


altioris 


altioris 


altiorum 


altiorum 


Dat. 


altiori 


altiori 


altioribus 


altioribus 


Ace. 


altiorem 


altius 


altiores, is 


altiora 


AM. 


altiore, 1 


altiore, 1 


altioribus 


altioribus 



2. Note that the terminations are those of consonant stems 
except the -i of the ablative singular, and -is of the accusative 
plural. 

3. Superlative adjectives are all declined like bonus ; as, 
altissimus, -a, -um. 



69. 



EXERCISE 



1. Compare the following adjectives : brevis, pulcher, latus, 
tener, miser, longus, ferax, gravis. 

2. Decline mons altissimus, the highest mountain ; via longior, 
a longer way. 



70. 



THE PRESENT INFINITIVE 



The present infinitive active of verbs conjugated like amo 

ends in -are : 

amare, to love 

laudare, to praise 



71. 



VOCABULARY 



audax, audax, gen., audacis, fides, fidei, f., faith, loyalty ■, pro- 
bold, courageous. tection. 

felix, felix, gen., felicis, happy, hiemo, / winter, pass the 
fortunate. winter. 






Review of Nouns; Comparison of Adjectives 57 



imperium, 1, n., order, com- 
mand, rule. 
litus, litoris, n., beach, shore. 



propero, I hasten. 
recuso, I refuse. 
spero, I hope, hope for. 



paco, / make peace ; pacify, subsidium, 1, n., assistance. 



subdue. 
paro, I prepare, provide. 
pauci, ae, a, few (plur. adj.). 



vallum, 1, n., rampart, earth- 
works. 
victoria, ae, f . , victory. 



1 


2. EXERCISES 


1. 


Flumine latissimo. 


1 
11. 


Puellae teneriores. 


2. 


Rosae pulchriores. 


12. 


Servls miserrimls. 


3- 


Telum gravius. 


J3- 


Fluminis latioris. 


4- 


ExercituI audacissimo. 


14. 


Agro feraciori. 


5- 


Dies longissimi. 


J5- 


Agro feracissimo. 


6. 


Paucorum dierum. 


16. 


Periculo graviore. 


7- 


Viros Hberrimos. 


!7' 


Militem audaciorem 


8. 


In portum altissimum. 


18. 


Terrae feracissimae, 


9- 


Sperare. 


19. 


Vocare. 


10. 


Recusare. 


20. 


Comparare. 



I. 

2. 

3- 

4- 

5- 
6. 

7- 



II 



To the highest mountain. 
For a heavier weapon. 
Of a bolder soldier. 
A most beautiful house. 
By a few days. 
Of the widest river. 
The most serious danger. 

8. In a most fertile garden. 

9. To seize. 

10. To overcome. 



11 



Of the deepest trench. 
Into the widest harbor. 
By the highest rampart. 
Most fortunate men. 
Of the quickest ship. 
To a bolder soldier. 
By the longest rule. 

18. The sharpest battle. 

19. To subdue. 

20. To pass the winter. 



12 

J 3 
14 

1 5 
16 

J 7 



58 Elements of Latin 

in 

1. In uno cornu exercitus mllites sunt audaciores. 
2. Fructusne agrorum feracium *sunt multi? 3. Manus 
hostium aciem in monte collocare properant. 4. Auda- 
cissimae copiae hostium agros feracissimos et omnia oppida 
occupant. 5. Copiae ducem exspectant et pugnare re- 
cusant. 6. Dux in colle altiore mllites collocat. 7. Ger- 
man! feri castra oppugnare properant. 8. Num servi 
miserrimi frumentum parare recusant ? 9. Populus 
Romanus audacissimas gentes Germanorum pacare prope- 
rant. 10. Species Germanorum acerrima est. 11. Fidem 
copiarum laudamus. 12. Res feliciores exspectamus. 
13. Paucis victoriis Gallos superatis. 14. Domus Marcl 
altissima in oppido est. 

IV 

1. By the sharpest battle we overcome the bolder troops. 
2. Do the soldiers refuse to await the command ? 3. The 
common danger is most serious. 4. We strengthen the 
camp by a higher rampart and a wider trench. 5. The 
chief places the troops on the highest hill. 6. The legion 
is the boldest and most fortunate. 7. The army hastens 
to seize the shortest road into Gaul. 8. The son-in-law 
of the bold leader is wintering in Britain. 9. We subdue 
many fierce tribes. 10. Is the queen's daughter happy ? 




Denarius 



LESSON XIII 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (Continued) 



73. 



ADJECTIVES IN -ILIS 



Six adjectives in -ilis form the superlative by adding -limus 
to the base of the positive. The comparative is regular. 



Positive 
facilis, easy 
difficilis, difficult 
humilis, low 
similis, like 
dissimilis, unlike 
gracilis, slender 



Comparative 
facilior 
difficilior 
humilior 
similior 
dissimilior 
gracilior 



Superlative 
facillimus 
difficillimus 
humillimus 
simillimus 
dissimillimus 
gracillimus 



74. 



IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES 



Some adjectives are entirely irregular in their comparison. 
The following are important. 



Positive 


Comparative 


Superlative 


bonus, good 


melior 


optimus 


malus, bad 


peior 


pessimus 


magnus, great 


maior 


maximus 


parvus, small 


minor 


minimus 


multus, much 


plus 


plurimus 


vetus, old 


vetustior 


veterrimus 


superus, high 


superior 


f supremus x 
I summus 


inferus, low 


inferior 


J infimus 
I imus 


Lacking. 


prior, former 


primus, first 


Lacking. 


propior, nearer 

1 Supremus means last. 
59 


proximus, nearest 



60 Elements of Latin 

75. DECLENSION OF PLUS 

Plus, comparative of multus, is irregular in declension. 





Singular 




Masc. 


and Fern. 


Neut. 


/xT/i'pyt 




plus 


J.VI///1. 




(^■/>t1 




pluris 


T)nt 




j~y it c • 

Arr 




plus 
plure 


XXL 6 • 

Abl. 





Plural 




Masc. and Fern. 


Neut. 


plures 


pliira 


plurium 


plurium 


pluribus 


pluribus 


plures, is 


pliira 


pluribus 


pluribus 



76. 



NOTE ON DECLENSION 



The stem is pliir- ; but note the -i stem terminations of the 
genitive plural, and accusative plural masculine. 



77. COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE : SPECIAL USES 

i. The comparative sometimes means rather or too, and the 
superlative, very. 

Via longior est, the way is rather long. 
Mos veterrimus, a very ancient custom. 

2. Use of quam : 

a. Quam, meaning than, is used when two things are com- 
pared. The second of the words compared agrees in case with 
the first ; as, 

Tunis altior est quam murus, the tower is higher than the wall. 

b. Quam, with the superlative, denotes the greatest possible 
degree. It is translated by as . . . as possible. 

Quam maximus numerus, as great a number as possible. 






Comparison of Adjectives 



61 



78. 



VOCABULARY 



As a part of this vocabulary learn the meanings of all the new 
adjectives in 73, 74. 

equitatus, us, m., cavalry. pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier ; 

mos, moris, m., custom. pi., infantry. 

quam, than (conj.). 



79. 



EXERCISES 



i. Victoria priore. 

2. Armorum meliorum. 

3. Summus l mons. 

4. Diel supremi. 

5. Via facillima. 

6. Donum maius. 

7. LTtoris propioris. 

8. Servus humillimus. 

9. Rerum similium. 
10. Rebus dissimilibus. 



1. In a higher place. 

2. A more difficult plan. 

3. Bolder infantry. 

4. Happier children. 

5. Of the smaller camp. 

6. Of greatest loyalty. 

7. Of a larger gift. 

8. For the best ships. 

9. By a very ancient rule. 
10. By a rather long way. 



11. Pluribus. 

12. Plura proelia. 

13. Plurimi incolae. 

14. Locus superior. 

15. Ducis pessimi. 
Militem peiorem. 
Proelio facili. 
More vetustiore. 
Pueris gracilibus. 
Locus veterrimus. 



16. 

17- 

18. 



J 9 

20 



II 



On the highest wall. 
Of better aid. 
For less aid. 
More soldiers. 
By more soldiers. 
To a worse leader. 
Of the nearest land. 

18. The smallest part. 

19. The largest ships. 

20. Very many ships. 



11. 

12. 

I 3- 
14. 

I 5- 

16. 

J 7- 



1 Summus means the highest part of. 



62 Elements of Latin 

in 

I. Populus Romanus equites bon5s et meliores pedites 

habet. 2. In castrls maioribus sunt paucae legiones. 

3. Puellae meliores sunt quam pueri. 4. Dux quam 

plurimas copias in suramo colle collocare properat 

5. Marcus, optimus dux, bello brevissimo German5s pacare 
sperat. 6. Equitatus in Britannia hiemare recusat. 
7. Fossa latior est quam vallum. 8. GermanI quam 
maximos commeatus parant. 9. RomanI optimos Galliae 
agros 1 vastant. 10. Oppidum propius flumini est quam 
colli. 11. Principes maximam c5piarum fidem laudant. 

12. In propiore fluminis litore unara cohortem collocamus. 

13. Gentes fellcissimae optimos agros habent. 14. Pe- 
dites equitatui subsidium dant. 

IV 

1. The plan is very difficult and the risk very great. 
2. The cavalry are worse than the infantry. 3. The chief 
praises the former victory of the troops. 4. The oldest 
customs are not the best. 5. The town is rather small. 

6. He places the largest possible number of troops in the 
nearer camp. y. I establish peace with the nearest 
tribes. 8. The danger is very small. 9. He stations 
one legion in the lower place. 10. The wall is higher 
than the rampart. 

1 Optimos Galliae agros = optimos agros Galliae; this order is very common. 



LESSON XIV 
REVIEW OF ADJECTIVES ; FORMATION OF ADVERBS 

80. EXERCISE 

Study the review chart of adjectives, 129. 

81. FORMATION OF ADVERBS 

Adverbs are regularly formed from adjectives, as follows : 
i. To form an adverb from an adjective of the first and 
second declension, add -e to the base of the adjective. 



Adjective 


Base 


Adverb 


cams, dear 


car- 


care, dearly 


pulcher, beautiful 


pulchr- 


pulchre, beautifully 



2. To form an adverb from an adjective of the third declen- 
sion, add -iter to the base of the adjective. 



Adjective 


Base 


Adverb 


acer, sharp 


acr- 


acriter, sharply 


fortis, strong 


fort- 


fortiter, strongly 



Exception : Adjectives in -ns add -er to the base to form 
the adverb ; as, prudenter, from prudens, wise. 

82. EXERCISE 

i. Form adverbs from the following adjectives : miser, latus, 
altus, liber, brevis, celer, gravis, felix. 

2. Give the English meaning of the adverbs you have 
formed, and learn them. 

63 



6 4 



Elements of Latin 



83. 



VOCABULARY 



cams, a, urn, dear; adv. care, iter, itineris, n., march, jour- 

dearly. ney ; road. 

carrus, 1, m., cart, wagon. longe, adv. (from longus), far, 

condicio, condicionis, f., condi- far off. 

tion, terms. nuntio, / report, announce. 

deditio, deditionis, f., surrender, prudens, prudens; gen. pruden- 

fortis, forte, strong, brave ; adv. tis, wise, prudent ; adv. pru- 

fortiter, strongly, bravely. denter, wisely. 

Helvetil, orum, m. pi., the Hel- socius, I, m., ally, companion. 

vetians. vicus, I, m., village. 

impetus, us, m., attack, assault, vulnero, I wound. 



8 


14. 


EXERCISES 




i. 


Misere. 


I 
II. 


Care. 


2. 


Longe. 


12. 


Fortiter. 


3- 


Celeriter. 


J 3- 


Libere. 


4- 


Late. 


14. 


Feliciter. 


5- 


Breviter. 


15- 


Acriter. 


6. 


Impetus difficilis. 


16. 


Puellae gracili. 


7- 


Mores priores. 


17- 


Moribus similibus. 


8. 


Itinera mala. 


18. 


Morum dissimilium. 


9- 


Socii propiores. 


19. 


Pedites equitesque. 


IO. 


Via facilT. 


20. 


Ad collem Inferiorem. 


i. 


Beautifully. 


II 

8. 


The lower line of battle 


2. 


Wisely. 


9- 


Of smaller villages. 


-2. 


Far. 


10. 


O ! dear fatherland ! 


4. 


Quickly. 


11. 


Fortunately. 


5- 


High (adv.). 


12. 


Sharply. 


6. 


Humble slaves. 


J 3- 


Wretchedly. 


7- 


In a high place. 


14. 


Briefly. 



Review of Adjectives; Formation of Adverbs 65 

15. Heavily. 18. Of brave soldiers. 

16. For better conditions. 19. A difficult road. 

17. A number of carts. 20. Of a swift legion. 

Ill 
1. Helvetil quam maximum numerum carrorum celeriter 
comparant. 2. GermanI oppida vicosque Romanorum 
fortiter oppugnant. 3. Helvetil sociis frumentum et alios 
commeatus llbere dant. 4. Galll fines hostium late vas- 
tant. 5. Incolae auxilium copiarum Romanarum exspec- 
tant et acriter pugnant. 6. Dux virtutem mllitum 
breviter laudat. 7. Socil Romanis impetum celeriter 
nuntiant. 8. Maxima oppida Britanniae ab Italia 

longe sunt. 9. Galba unum militem graviter vulnerat. 
10. Socil popul5 Roman5 carl sunt. 11. Nonne hostes 
meliores deditionis condiciones exspectant ? 12. Copiae 
hostium non fortiores quam Roman! sunt. 13. Fortes 
Helvetiorum gentes socil Romanorum sunt, et proximae 
sunt. 14. Vir prudens omnl periculo 1 subsidium parat. 

IV 

1. The soldiers fight bravely in a very difficult place. 
2. The Romans fortunately overcome the enemy, and 
quickly seize the camp. 3. We wisely strengthen the 
larger carrip with a wall and a trench. 4. The victory 
arouses the allies far and wide. 2 5. They freely give 
assistance to all the inhabitants. 6. I report the matter 
briefly to the leader. 7. The slaves carry the grain far. 
8. The enemy seize the shortest road into Gaul. 9. The 
villages of Britain are very small. 10. The inhabitants 
are preparing the largest possible ships. 

l Dative. 2 longe lateque. 



LESSON XV 
REVIEW OF ADJECTIVES; COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 

85. EXERCISE 

Review the comparison of adjectives in Lessons XII and 
XIII. 

86. COMPARISON OP ADVERBS 

i. Adverbs, like adjectives, have three degrees of comparison. 

2. To form the comparative of an adverb change -or of the 
comparative of the adjective to -us. 

Adjective Adverb 

fortior fortius, more bravely 

3. To form the superlative of an adverb add -e to the base of 
the superlative of the adjective. 

Adjective Adverb 

celerrimus celerrime, most quickly 

4. Thus the complete comparison of adverbs is as follows: 

Positive Comparative Superlative 

fortiter, bravely fortius fortissime 

pulchre, beautifully pulchrius pulcherrime 

celeriter, quickly celerius celerrime 

Note. Observe carefully that each degree of the adverb is formed from 
the corresponding degree of the adjective. 

66 



Review of Adjectives; Comparison of Adverbs 67 



87. EXERCISE 
Compare the adverbs formed in 82. 

88. IRREGULAR COMPARISON OP ADVERBS 

i. Some adverbs are irregular in formation and comparison. 
The following are important : 



Positive 


Comparative 


Superlative 


bene, well 


melius 


optime 


male, ill 


peius 


pessime 


multum, much 


plus 


plurimum 


magnopere, greatly 


magis x 


maxime l 


parum, little 


minus 


minime 


prope, near 


propius 


proxime 2 


diu, a long time 


diutius 


diutissime 


facile, easily 


facilius 


facillime 


audacter, boldly 


audacius 


audacissime 


saepe, often 


saepius 


saepissime 



2. Give the English meanings of the comparative and super- 
lative of the above adverbs. 



89. 



VOCABULARY 



As a part of this vocabulary learn the meanings of the adverbs 
in 88. 



anno, / arm. 

civitas, civitatis, f., state ; citi- 
zenship. 

gladius, 1, m., sword. 

pagus, 1, m., division, district, 
canton. 



per, prep. gov. ace, through, 
over, by means of, onaccountof. 

pilum, 1, n., javelin. 

propter, prep. gov. ace, on ac- 
count of. 

quattuor, four (indeclinable). 



1 Magis, more greatly, more ; maxime, most greatly, most. Some adjectives are 
compared only by using these adverbs : idoneus, magis idoneus, maxime idoneus, 
suitable, more suitable, most suitable. 2 Recently, last. 



68 



Elements of Latin 



90. 

i. Peius. 

2. Plurimum. 

3. Melius. 

4. Bene. 

5. Optime. 

6. Plus. 

7. Magis. 

8. Maxime. 

9. Proxime. 
10. Diutius. 



1. 

2. 

3- 

4- 

5- 

6. 

7- 
8. 



More easily. 

Most quickly. 

Worst. 

Best. 

For the longest time. 

Nearer. 

Much. 

More. 

Most. 



10. Greatly. 



EXERCISES . 

T 


X 

II. 


Saepe. 


12. 


Multum. 


13- 


Magnopere incitare. 


14. 


Longius a vico. 


15- 


Minus saepe. 


16. 


Minime saepe. 


i7- 


Facile superare. 


18. 


Melius armare. 


19. 


Locus magis idoneus. 


20. 


Locus maxime idoneus. 


II 




11. 


More greatly, more. 


12. 


Most greatly, most. 


?3* 


Of a more suitable place 


14. 


In a most suitable place 


J 5- 


Little. 


16. 


Less. 


J 7- 


Least. 


18. 


Less bravely. 


19. 


Least quickly. 


20. 


More sharply. 



Ill 

1. Milites fortes magnum hostium oppidum audacter 
oppugnant. 2. Bene et fortiter pugnare saepe est virtus. 
3. Propter periculum pilorum, copiae castra hostium minus 
facile occupant. 4. Hostes carros propius castra x collo- 
care properant. 5. Num Helvetil meliores pacis con- 



1 Ace, after propius, as a preposition ; "nearer the camp.' 



Review of Adjectives; Comparison of Adverbs 69 

diciones diutius exspectant ? 6. Sine auxilio equitum 
milites non bene pugnant. 7. Socii Romanis multa perl- 
cula nuntiant et duces magnopere incitant. 8. Tempus 
proelio idoneum est et GermanI audacissime pugnant. 
9. Principes Gallorum gladiis pilisque omnes gentes 
armant. 10. Helvetil liberos, et 1 pueros et 1 puellas, in 
carris celerrime collocant. II. Propter magnitudinem 
corporis Gerrnanorum, legio Romana minus fortiter pugnat. 
12. Viro prudent! virtus saepe est carissima. 

IV 

1. Galba wisely strengthens the camp with a rampart. 

2. They await the attack of the enemy a long time. 

3. The customs of the Gauls are less ancient than (those) 
of the Germans. 4. The army lays waste the fields of the 
farmers far and wide. 5. The nearest road into Gaul is 
through the mountains, and it is the least difficult. 6. The 
slaves very quickly carry the grain from the fields into the 
village. 7. Serious dangers greatly annoy the best allies 
of the state. 8. The soldier easily wounds the farmer 
with a javelin. 9. There are four divisions of the state of 
the Helvetians. 10. Infantry are often braver than cavalry. 

1 Et . . . et, both . . . and. 




Templum Jovis Capitolini 



91. 



LESSON XVI 



PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 



PERSONAL PRONOUNS 



The personal pronouns are ego, // tu, thou, you ; and is, 1 ea, 
id, he, she, it; pi., they. They are declined as follows: 



Ego,/ 





Sing. 




Plur. 


Nom. 


ego 




nos 


Gen. 


mel 


i 


nostrum 
nostri 


Dat. 


mihi 




nobis 


Ace. 


me 




nos 


Abl. 


me 




nobis 




Is, 


he 




! 




Singular 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Nom. 


is 


ea 


id 


Gen. 


eius 


eius 


eius 


Dat. 


el 


el 


el 


Ace. 


eum 


earn 


i id 


Abl. 


eo 


ea 


eo 



Ea, she 



Tu, 


thou, you 




Sing. 


Plur. 




tu 


vos 




tui 


f vestrum 
1 vestri 


tibi 


vobis 




te 


vos 




te 

9 


vobis 

Id, it 

Plural 




Masc. 


Fern. 


A r eut. 


ei, ii 


eae 


ea 


eorum 


earum 


eorum 


els, ils 


els, ils 


els, ils 


eos 


eas 


ea 


els, ils 


els, ils 


els, ils 



1 Is is strictly a demonstrative pronoun (see 106). The personal pronoun of 
the third person is lacking in Latin. Its place is supplied by is, which is therefore 
given here for convenience. 

70 



Personal and Reflexive Pronouns 71 

92. NOTE ON DECLENSION 

Pronouns, except tu, and the possessives (98), lack the 
vocative. 

93. USE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS 

The personal pronouns, when subject of the sentence, are not 
expressed except for the purpose of emphasis or clearness'; as, 

Amat, he loves. 

Ego eum laudo, I praise him. (It is I who praise him.) 

94. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 

i. A reflexive pronoun is one that refers to the subject of the 
sentence or clause in which it stands ; as 

He praises himself. 

2. The oblique 1 cases of ego and tu are used as the reflexive 
pronouns of the first and second persons. The reflexive of the 
third person is sui. It is declined as follows : 

Gen. sui, 2 of himself herself itself ; pi., of themselves. 

Dat. sibi 

Ace. se, sese 

Abl. se, sese 

95. USE OF THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS 

The following examples illustrate the use of the reflexive 

pronouns : 

Me laudo, I praise myself. 

Nos laudamus, we praise ourselves. 

Te laudas, you praise yourself. 

Se laudat, he praises himself. 

Se laudant, they praise themselves. 

1 The oblique cases are the gen., dat., ace., and abl. 

2 Used for all genders and both numbers. 



72 



Elements of Latin 



Great care should be used in rendering English personals of 
the third person into Latin. Is is never reflexive, sui always is. 

Puer eum laudat, the boy praises him (another, not himself). 
Puer se laudat, the boy praises himself. 



96. 



VOCABULARY 



appropinquo, I approach. 

Caesar, Caesaris, m., Caesar. 

ego, /. 

expugno, / capture, take by 
storm. 

impedimentum, I, n., hindrance; 
pi., baggage. 

inter, prep. gov. ace., between, 
among; inter se, among them- 
selves, i.e. to, with each other. 

is, ea, id, he, she, it; pi., they. 

negotium, i, n., business, task, 
difficulty. 



obses, obsidis, m., hostage. 
Orgetorix, Orgetorigis, m., Or- 

getorix, a noble, leader of the 
Helvetians. 

post, prep. gov. ace., after, be- 
hind. 

praemium, i, n., reward. 

sui, of himself, herself, itself ; 
pi., of themselves. 

tamen, nevertheless, however 
(conj.). 

timor, timoris, m., fear. 

tii, thou, you. 



97. 

i . Nostrum. 

2. Sibi. 

3- Se. 

4. Mel. 

5. Eius. 

6. Eorum. 

7. Tibi. 

8. lis. 

9. Els. 
10. Eae. 



EXERCISES 


I 

II. 


Me laudo. 


12. 


Me laudas. 


J 3- 


Te laudat. 


14. 


Te laudas. 


!5- 


Eum laudant. 


16. 


Se laudat. 


i7- 


Eos laudamus 


18. 


Se laudant. 


19. 


Eos armatis. 


20. 


Vos armatis. 



Personal and Reflexive Pronouns 73 

11 



I. 


To them. 


11. 


You call me. 


2. 


To themselves. 


12. 


I arm myself. 


3- 


Of me. 


!3- 


I arouse you. 


4- 


I. 


14. 


You arouse yourself. 


5- 


Of myself. 


*5- 


You praise us. 


6. 


By you. 


16. 


We praise ourselves." 


7- 


Yourselves. 


J 7- 


I call him. 


8. 


Of you. 


18. 


He calls them. 


9- 


Of them. 


19. 


He arms himself. 


10. 


Him. 


20. 


They arm themselves. 



Ill 

1. Cives unlus pagi gladiis pilisque se armant. 2. Vos 
nobis rem nuntiatis et ego earn Caesarl nuntio. 3. Caesar 
mihi negotium dat. 4. Propter timorem de bell5 inter se 
coniurant. 5. Me ad te vocas. 6. Caesar els praemia 
dat, et eos maxime laudat. 7. Orgetorlx quattuor obsides 
habet et eos post castra collocat. 8. Ego te laudo et tu 
me laudas. 9. Caesar tamen oppidum expugnat et id 
occupat. 10. Ego in alia. 1 cohorte sum, tu in alia.. 1 

IV 
1. Many men praise themselves. 2. The soldiers 
fight well and the leader praises them. 3. The Helve- 
tians carry the baggage into one place and place it 2 be- 
hind the wagons. 4. The chief praises the men and 
gives great rewards to them. 5. The soldiers arm them- 
selves quickly. 6. The enemy approach nearer and pre- 
pare themselves for 3 battle. 7. The great danger arouses 
me, and I fight long and courageously. 4 8. Does the mat- 
ter annoy you? 9. You 5 hope for victory, I 5 expect it. 

1 Alia . . . alia, one . . . another. 2 Neuter plural. 3 ad. 

4 boldly. 5 Emphatic. 



LESSON XVII 
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS; THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN 

98. THE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 

The possessive pronouns are really adjectives of the first and 
second declensions. Each possessive is derived from the cor- 
responding personal, thus : 

Possessive Derived from 

First Person 

meus, a, urn, my, mine ego (mei) 

noster, tra, trum, our, ours nos 

Second Person 

tuus, a, um, thy, thine, your, yours tii 

vester, tra, trum, your, yours vos 

Third Person 

suus, a, um, his, her, its, their sui 

99. NOTES ON DECLENSION 

Noster and vester are declined like pulcher. The others 
are like bonus, except that meus has mi in the vocative singular 
masculine. 

100. USE OF POSSESSIVES 

i . The possessive (like any adjective) agrees with the noun 

which it limits. 

Hortus meus, my garden. 

Filia tua, your daughter. 

Castra sua, his camp. 

74 



Possessive Pronouns; The Intensive Pronoun 75 

2. The possessive may be omitted if the meaning is clear 
without it. 

Vir filium amat, the man loves (his) son. 
Vir filium meum amat, the ma?i loves my son. 

3. Suus, like the personal sui, is reflexive only. When the 
possessive his, her, its, their is not reflexive, the genitive v of is, 
ea, id is used. 

Filius eius, his son {the son of htm). 

Hortus eorum, their ga?'den (the garden of them). 

Note carefully the possessives in the following examples, the 
first being reflexive and the second non-reflexive : 

Vir filium suum laudat, the man praises his (own) son. 
Vir filium eius laudat, the man praises his (another's, not his 
own) son. 



101. 



THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN 



The intensive pronoun 


is ipse, self, very. 


It is declined as 


follows : 




Singular 






Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Nom. 


ipse 


ipsa 


ipsum 


Gen. 


ipslus 


ipslus 


ipslus 


. Dat. 


ipsl 


ipsi 


ipsl 


Ace. 


ipsum 


ipsam 


ipsum 


AM. 


ipso 


ipsa 
Plural 


ipso 


Nom. 


ipsl 


ipsae 


ipsa 


Gen. 


ipsorum 


ipsarum 


jpsorum 


Dat. 


ipsis 


ipsis 


ipsis 


Ace. 


ipsos 


ipsas 


ipsa 


AM. 


ipsis 


ipsis 


ipsis 






7 6 



Elements of Latin 



102. 



USB OF THE INTENSIVE 



The intensive is frequently used as an adjective. It is trans- 
lated in such a way as to give emphasis. 

Ego ipse, / myself. 

Ipse vocat, he himself is calling. 

Servus ipse, the very slave. 



103. 



EXERCISE 



Decline patria mea, 1 my country ; vir ipse, 1 the man himself ; 
donum vestrum, 1 your gift. 



104. 



captivus, l, m., captive. 
imperator, imperatoris, m., gen 

eral, commander. 
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self very. 
legatus, I, m., lieutenant, envoy 
liber, libri, m., book. 
meus, a, um, my, mine. 
natio, nationis, f., nation. 
noster, tra, trum, our, ours. 
officium, I, n., duty. 



VOCABULARY 

scutum, I, n., shield. 



sed, <to(conj.). 

suus, a, um, his, her, its, their. 

tempestas, tempestatis, f., 

weather, storm, tempest. 
tuus, a, um, thy, thine, your, 

yours (sing.). 2 
vester, tra, trum, your, yours 

(pi.).* 



105. 



EXERCISES 



I. 


Servo ipsl. 


7- 


Exercitum nostrum. 


2. 


Libros meos. 


8. 


Copiae suae. 


3- 


Officium vestrum. 


9- 


Copiae eius. 


4- 


Ipse legatus. 


IO. 


Copiae eorum. 


5- 


Legatls ipsis. 


ii. 


Captivorum eius. 


6. 


Imperator tuus. 


12. 


Captivis suis. 



1 Possessives usually follow the noun limited. Ipse either follows or precedes. 

2 Referring to one person. 3 Referring to more than one person. 



Possessive Pronouns; The Intensive Pronoun 77 



13. Flliam raeam laudas. 

14. Fllium meum laudo. 

15. Servos nostros vocamus. 

16. Servos nostros vocant. 



17. Milites suos laudat. 

18. Milites eius laudas. 

19. Milites suos laudant. 

20. Milites eorum laudo. 



II 



1. 

2. 

3- 

4- 

5- 
6. 

7- 
8. 

9- 

10. 



To the boy himself. 
The very island. 
Of my country. 
To your troops. 
Of thy duty. 
Of his shield. 1 
Her roses. 1 
Their captive. 1 
Their books. 1 
Of his troops. 1 



11. Of our commander. 

12. For your leaders. 

13. I carry my books. 

14. You carry my books. 

15. You love her daughter. 

16. She loves her daughter. 

17. I arm their troops. 

18. They arm their troops. 

19. He summons his troops. 

20. We summon his slaves. 



Ill 



1. Legati inter se coniurant et imperatorem suum op- 
pugnant. 2. Dux noster nos laudat et nobis praemia 
dat ; sed vos non laudat. 3. Pueri puellaeque libros suos 
portant. 4. Princeps Germanorum duel nostrd obsides 
dat. 5. Servi vestri in vico sunt. 6. Filius meus in 
Caesaris exercitu est. 7. Tempestas navibus eorum non 
idonea est. 8. Impedimenta vestra in castris maioribus 
sunt. 9. Socii nostri Gallos oppugnant et castra eorum 
occupant. 10. Princeps ipse pacem confirmare recusat. 
11. Ego ipse te voco. 12. Officium tuum, fill mi, est 
patriam amare. 13. Post breve tempus Helvetii com- 
meatus suos comparant et copias nostras oppugnare pro- 
perant. 14. Caesar tamen suos 2 armat et propius appro- 
pinquat. 15. Legatus ipse imperatori suo rem nuntiat. 

1 Render in two ways. 2 Suos = his {men) . 



78 



Elements of Latin 



IV 

I. The captives themselves report the number of the 
enemy. 2. My soldiers easily capture the whole town. 
3. By the aid of their allies the chiefs of Gaul overcome 
one legion without difficulty. 4. The farmers are calling 
their slaves from the fields. 5. He is the very man. 
6. The Germans arm themselves with our swords and 
shields. 7. The inhabitants are savage, but they are our 
allies. 8. The Germans are very brave, and many na- 
tions have the greatest fear of them. 9. Is their com- 
mander summoning you ? 10. Marcus is your son-in-law, 
is he not ? 



MENSIS 

IANVAR, 
DIES-XXXI 
NON9VINT 
D1ESH0R-VIII5 
NOX H0RX1W 

SOL 

CAPR1C0RNO 

TVTEIA 

IVNONIS 

PA LVS 

A9VITVR 

SALIX 

HARVNOO 

CEDITVR 

SACRIFICE 

DIES 
PENAT18VS 



2S 



MENSIS 

FEBRAR 
DIES-XXVMI 

NONQVINT 
OIES-HOR-XS 
NOXHOR-XII* 

SOUA9VARIO 
TVTEL-NEPTVNI 

SEGETES" 
SARIVNTVR 
VINEARVM 
SvPERFIC-COUT 
HARVNDlNES 

>MCENOVNT 
PAR.ENTAUA 
LVPERCALIA 
CARACOGNATO 
TERMINAL^ 



S5 



Si 



MENSIS 

MARTIVS 
OIES-XXXI 
NONSEPTIMAN 
DIES-HOR-XH 
NOX- HOR-X1I 
/tOVINOCTM 
VIII KAL-APR 
SOL-PlSABVS 
TVTEL-MINERV/t 
VIC/EPEtlAMlN 
INPAST1NO 
PVTAKTVR. 
rRlMnRSCRITVR 
1NSI0ISNAVIGNNI 
SACRMAMVRIS 
LIBERAUQVINQVE 

TRIA-LAVATKl 




Kalendae Agricolae 



LESSON XVIII 

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 

106. The demonstrative pronouns are hie, iste, ille, is, idem. 
They are declined as follows : 







Hie, this 








Singular 






Masc. 


Fein. 


Neut. 


Nom. 


hie 


haec 


hoc 


Gen. 


huius 


huius 


huius 


Dat. 


huic. 


huic 


huic 


Ace. 


hunc 


hanc 


hoc 


AM. 


hoc 


hac 
Plural 


hoc 


Nom. 


hi 


hae 


haec 


Gen. 


horum 


harum 


horum 


Dat. 


his 


his 


his 


Ace. 


hos 


has 


haec 


AM. 


his 


his 


his 




Iste, 


that, that of yours 








Singular 






Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Nom. 


iste 


ista 


istud 


Gen. 


istius 


istius 


istius 


Dat. 


isti 


isti 


isti 


Ace. 


istum 


istam 


istud 


AM. 


isto 


ista 


isto 



79 



8o 



Elements of Latin 







Plural 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Nom. 


istl 


istae 


Gen. 


istorum 


istarum 


Dat. 


istis 


istis 


Ace. 


istos 


istas 


Abl. 


istis 


istis 



Ille, that, that one. 
Ille is declined like iste. 

Is, that, this. 
For declension see 91. 



Neut. 

ista 

istorum 

istis 

ista 

istis 



Nom. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 



Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 
Abl. 



Masc. 
Idem 
eiusdem 
eidem 
eundem 
eodem 



r eidem 
Nom. \ 

{ ndem 



eorundem 
r eisdem 
( iTsdem 

eosdem 
f eisdem 
I iisdem 



Idem, the same 

Singular 
Fern. 
eadem 
eiusdem 
eidem 
eandem 
eadem 

Plural 
eaedem 

earundem 
| eisdem 
1 iisdem 

easdem 
f eisdem 
1 iisdem 



Neut. 
idem 
eiusdem 
eidem 
idem 
eodem 



eadem 

eorundem 

eisdem 

iisdem 

eadem 
f eisdem 
( iisdem 






Demonstrative Pronouns 81 

107. NOTE ON DECLENSION 

Idem may have idem in the nominative plural and isdem in 
the dative and ablative plural. 

108. USE OF THE DEMONSTRATIVES 

1. Hie, iste, and ille are known, from their meanings, as de- 
monstratives of the first, second, and third persons ; as, 

Hie liber, this book (near me, here). 
Iste liber, that book (near you, there). 
Ille liber, that book (near him, yonder). 

2. Hie and ille are often used together to show a contrast. 
Hie may then mean the latter, and ille, the former ; as, 

Hie Romanus, ille Gallus est, the latter is a Roman, the former, 
a Gaul. 

3. Ille may mean that famous, that well-known ; as, 

Bellum illud, that famous war. 

4. The demonstrative is is frequently used in place of the 
personal pronoun of the third person, which is lacking in Latin 
(see 91). The two uses should be carefully distinguished. 

Demonstrative : Is vir, that man. 
Personal : Eum laudo, I praise him. 

5. All the demonstratives may be used as adjectives, and 
when so used precede the noun limited ; but ille, in the use 
mentioned in 3, usually follows the noun. 

109. EXERCISE 

Decline ille imperator, that general ; idem exercitus, the same 
army ; ea regina, that queen ; hoc bellum, this war. 



82 



Elements of Latin 



110. 



VOCABULARY 



angustiae, arum, f. pi, narroiu is, ea, id, that, this ; pi., those, 



pass. 
atque (ac), and (conj.). 
contra, prep. gov. ace, against, 

opposite. 
creber, bra, brum, frequent. 
cupidus, a, um, eager, desirous. 
hie, haec, hoc, this ; pi., these. 
idem, eadem, idem, the same. 
ille, ilia, illud, that ; pi., those. 



these. 
iste, ista, istud, that (of yours) ; 

pi., //W*?. 

libertas, libertatis, f., liberty. 
occasio, occasionis, f., opportu- 
nity. 
quinque,^^ (indeclinable), 
riirsus, again (adv.). 
spes, spei, f., hope. 



3 


Lll. 


EXERCISES 


i. 


Huius. 


1 
II. 


Hoc scuto. 


2. 


Illi. 


12. 


Isto scuto. 


3- 


Eodem. 


I 3- 


Illo scuto. 


4- 


Eldem condicioni. 


14. 


Spei ipsius. 


5- 


Els captlvis. 


i5- 


Huius offici. 


6. 


IllTus imperatoris. 


16. 


Illae provinciae. 


7- 


Ea negotia. 


i7- 


Hac occasione. 


8. 


Iisdem exercitibus. 


18. 


Id vallum. 


9- 


Nationes ipsae. 


19. 


Eiusdem captivi. 


IO. 


In els angustils. 


20. 
II 


Hae occasiones. 


i. 


Of these. 


8. 


Of the same armies 


2. 


To those. 


9- 


Of that storm. 



3. For the same things. 

4. To those famous queens. 

5. For the same conditions. 

6. To these envoys. 

7. For those dangers. 



10. These opportunities. 

11. By those duties. 

12. This field. 

13. That field. 

14. That field of yours, 



Demonstrative Pronouns 83 

15. To that nation. 18. Against these men. 

16. To that very nation. 19. Of liberty itself. 

17. Of the same hope. 20. That island. 

Ill 

1. Spes llbertatis illis captlvis carissima est. 2. Exer- 
citus noster commeatus suos per angustias montiurri por- 
tat. 3. Nostri 1 haec l portant. 4. Eaedem nationes 
oppida vestra oppugnant. 5. Milites ipsl id oppidum 
expugnant. 6. Omnium ducum, hie imperator est for- 
tissimus. 7. Haec occasid idonea est atque c5piae oppi- 
dum illud terra marique oppugnant. 8. El socil Roma- 
nls crebra proelia nuntiant. 9. Hae gentes sunt cupidae 
belli. 10. Hie imperator bonus, ille malus est. II. In- 
colae sine timore perlculi imperatorl haec nuntiant. 
12. Llberi mei multa dona sperant. 13. Quinque legi- 
ones contra ducem suum coniurant et eum oppugnant. 

IV 

1. The same envoy reports these conditions to the 
enemy. 2. That is the duty of all good citizens. 3. The 
enemy strengthen their camp, but the legions easily cap- 
ture it. 4. Those nations love their liberty very dearly. 

5. This road is the shortest, but the most difficult. 

6. This book is suitable for your children. 7. The latter 
custom is the better, the former, the more ancient. 
8. The inhabitants have great fear of that famous com- 
mander. 9. This man loves his children. 10. The 
weather is again suitable for those ships. 

1 Adjectives and possessive c r demonstrative pronouns are often used in this 
way in the plural. The masculine denotes persons, the neuter things; as, nostri, 
our (men); haec, these {things). 



LESSON XIX 



RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS 



112. 



THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 



The relative pronoun is qui, who, which, what, that. It is 
declined as follows : 







Singular 






Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Nom. 


qui 


quae 


quod 


Gen. 


cuius 


cuius 


cuius 


Dat. 


cui 


cui 


cui 


Ace. 


quern 


quam 


quod 


AM.. 


quo 


qua 
Plural 


quo 


Nom. 


qui 


quae 


quae 


Gen. 


quorum 


quarum 


quorum 


Dat. 


quibus 


quibus 


quibus 


Ace. 


quos 


quas 


quae 


AM. 


quibus 


quibus 


quibus 



113. 



USE OF THE RELATIVE 



i. The relative pronoun is so called because it refers or re- 
lates to a preceding noun or pronoun for which it stands. This 
preceding noun or pronoun is called the antecedent of the rela- 
tive. In the sentence " I have a book which belongs to you," 
which is the relative pronoun, and book is the antecedent. 

2. Rule : A relative pronoun agrees in gender and number 
with its antecedent, but its case depends on the way it is used in 
the sentence. 

84 



Relative and Interrogative Pronouns 85 

Imperator milites vocat qui in castris sunt, the com?nander 
summons the soldiers who are in the camp. 

Here qui is masculine plural to agree with its antecedent 
milites ; but, while milites is accusative, object of vocat, qui 
is nominative, subject of sunt. 

114. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS 

The interrogative pronouns are quis, who? which? what? 
(substantive), and qui, tvhat? what kind of? (adjective). Qui 
is declined like the relative, and quis is declined as follows : 





Singular 








Masc. and Fern. 




Neut. 


Nom. 


quis 




quid 


Gen. 


cuius 




cuius 


Dat. 


cui 




cui 


Ace. 


quern 




quid 


Abl. 


quo 




quo 




Plural 




• 


Declined like the re 


ilative 


qui. 



115. USE OF THE INTERROGATIVES 

Distinguish carefully quis, the substantive, and qui, the 
adjective. Examples are the following : 

Substantive : 

Quis oppidum oppugnat, who is attacking the town ? 
Quid nuntias, what do you announce ? 

Adjective : 

Qui dux oppidum oppugnat, what leader is attacking the town ? 
Quae regina est in oppido, what queen is in the town ? 
Quod proelium nuntias, what battle do you announce ? 



86 



Elements of Latin 



116. 



VOCABULARY 



adventus, us, m., arrival, ap- paulatim, gradually, little by 



proach. 
ante, prep. gov. ace, before. 
auxilia, orum, n. pi., auxiliary 

troops. 
Belgae, arum, m. pi. , the Belgians. 
finitimus, a, um, neighboring, 

adjoining. 
hiberna, orum, n. pi., winter 

quarters. 
occasus, us, m., setting (of the sun). 
paene, almost, nearly (adv.). 



little (adv.). 
perturbo, I confuse, disturb. 
qui, quae, quod, who, which, 

what, that (rel. pron.). 
qui, quae, quod, what? what 

kind of ? (interrog. adj.). 
quis, quid, who ? which ? what? 

(interrog. pron.). 
repentinus, a, um, sudden. 
senatus, us, m., senate. 
sol, solis, m., sun. 



1 


.17. 


EXERCISES 

T 


I. 


Quorum. 


1 

9- 


Qui agricola ? 


2. 


Qua. 


IO. 


Quis? 


3- 


Quibus. 


II. 


Quem servum ? 


4- 


Quos. 


12. 


Quorum consiliorum ? 


5- 


Cuius. 


J 3- 


Quod oppidum ? 


6. 


Quo. 


14. 


Qui captivus ? 


7- 


Quae. 


J 5- 


Cuius l frumentum ? 


8. 


Quas. 


16. 
II 

9- 


Quorum x frumentum ? 


i. 


Whom (masc). 


Of what town ? 


2. 


Whom (fern.). 


10. 


What place ? 


3- 


Who (fern.). 


11. 


What javelin ? 


4- 


Of whom (sing.). 


12. 


What winter quarters ? 


5- 


Whose (sing.). 


x 3- 


Of what island ? 


6. 


Whose (pi.). 


14. 


By whose aid ? 


7- 


Of whom (pi.). 


!5- 


For which legion ? 


8. 


For which (pi.). 


16. 


Which man ? 



Of whom, i.e. whose ? 



Relative and Interrogative Pronouns 87 

in 

I. N5nne hi sunt idem milites qui oppidum oppugnant ? 
2. Belgae proximi sunt Germanls, quibuscum 1 saepe pug- 
nant. 3. Repentlnus Caesaris adventus Gallos, qui in 
angustiis sunt, magnopere perturbat. 4. Qulnque co- 
hortes Helvetios rursus oppugnant, quorum 2 castra in 
colle finitim5 sunt. 5- Q u i s senatui illud proelium nun- 
tiat? 6. Senatus cum Gallls, quos paulatim superamus, 
pacem non conflrmat. 7. Caesar in hibernis copias suas, 
quae in Gallia sunt, collocat. 8. Qui imperator contra 
eos fortissime pugnat ? 9. Caesar adventum militum 
qui subsidium comparant ante solis occasum exspectat. 
10. Quod oppidum ista auxilia occupant? 1 1. Spes 
libertatis Helvetios, qui sunt fortissiml, incitat. 12. Quid 
captlvl sperant? 13. Cuius fllius es tu ? 14. Quorum 
librl hi sunt? 15. Impetu acrl hostes paene superamus. 

IV 

1. This is an opportunity which a boy does not often 
have. 2. The Romans gradually overcome the enemy, 
and seize the camp which is near the river. 3. These 
soldiers, who are very brave, hope for frequent battles. 
4. Who stations the line of battle in that place ? 5. The 
Gauls are a nation which is desirous of liberty. 6. There 
are many ancient customs which we do not praise. 
7. Whose children are in your garden ? 8. Are these 
the same boys to whom you often give rewards ? 
9. What are you awaiting ? 10. What commander sum- 
mons these soldiers, and what aid does he await ? 

1 Quibuscum : always written for cum quibus. 

2 Quorum: see I, 15, 16, footnote. 



LESSON XX 



INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 



118- Among the most important indefinite pronouns are 

quisquam, aliquis, quisque, and quidam. They are declined as 

follows : 

Quisquam, any one (at all) 







Singular 






Masc. and Fern. 




Neut. 


Nom. 


quisquam 




quidquam 


Gen. 


cuiusquam 




cuiusquam 


Vat. 


cuiquam 




cuiquam 


Ace. 


quemquam 




quidquam 


Abl. 


quoquam 




quoquam 




Quisquam has no plu 


ral. 




Aliquis, some one, some 






Singular 






Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Nom. 


aliquis (aliqui) 


aliqua 


aliquid (aliquod) 


Gen. 


alicuius 


alicuius 


alicuius 


Dat. 


alicui 


alicui 


alicui 


Ace. 


aliquem 


aliquam 


aliquid (aliquod) 


Abl. 


aliquo 


aliqua 
Plural 


aliquo 


No?n. 


aliqui 


aliquae 


aliqua 


Gen. 


aliquorum 


aliquarum 


aliquorum 


Dat. 


aliquibus 


aliquibus 


aliquibus 


Ace. 


aliquos 


aliquas 


aliqua 


Abl. 


aliquibus 


aliquibus 
88 


aliquibus 



Indefinite Pronouns 



8 9 







Quisque, each, every 






1 


Singular 






Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Nom. 


quisque 


quaeque 


quidque (quodque) 


Gen. 


cuiusque 


cuiusque 


cuiusque 


Dat. 


cuique 


cuique 


cuique 


Ace. 


quemque 


quamque 


quidque (quodque) 


Abl. 


quoque 


quaque 
Plural 


quoque 




Like 


qui, with the suffix 

Quldam, certain 
Singular 


-que. 




Masc. 


Fern. 


Neut. 


Nom. 


qiridam 


quaedam 


quiddam (quoddam) 


Gen. 


cuiusdam 


cuiusdam 


cuiusdam 


Dat. 


cuidam 


cuidam 


cuidam 


Ace. 


quendam 


quandam 


quiddam (quoddam) 


Abl. 


quodam 


quadam 


quodam 






Plural 




Norn. 


quldam 


quaedam 


quaedam 


Gen. 


quorundam 


quarundam 


quorundam 


Dat. 


quibusdam 


quibusdam 


quibusdam 


Ace. 


quosdam 


quasdam 


quaedam 


Abl. 


quibusdam 


quibusdam 


quibusdam 



119. 



USE OP THE INDEFINITES 



1. The indefinites, except quisquam, may be used as substan- 
tives or adjectives. Quisquam is substantive only. 



9° 



Elements of Latin 



2. Where double forms occur in the paradigms, the first is 
substantive, the second, adjective. The pupil should be careful 
to distinguish them. Examples are the following : 

Aliquis, any one. 

Aliqui dux, any leader. 

Quidque est bonum, each is good. 

Quodque consilium est bonum, each plan is good. 

3. Quisquam is used chiefly in negative sentences, and sen- 
tences implying a negative. 

4. The indefinites usually follow the noun limited. 



120. 



EXERCISE 



Decline miles quidam, a certain soldier ; donum quodque, each 
gift ; legio aliqua, any legion. 



121. 

aliquis (aliqui), aliqua, aliquid 
(aliquod), some one, some. 

castellum, i, n., small fort, re- 
doubt. 

citerior, citerius, hither, nearer 
(comparative adjective ; su- 
perlative, citimus, a, um). 

concilium, i, n., assembly, council. 

consuetudo, consuetiidinis, f., 
custom. 

equus, i, m., horse. 

explorator, exploratoris, m., scout. 



VOCABULARY 



ius, iuris, n,, justice ', law, right. 

oratio, orationis, f., speech. 

quidam, quaedam, quiddam 
(quoddam), certain. 

quisquam, quidquam, any one 
(at all). 

quisque, quaeque, quidque 
(quodque), each, eve?y. 

ulterior, ulterius, farther (com- 
parative adjective ; superla- 
tive, ultimus, a, um). 

vadum, i, n.,ford, shoal. 



122. 



1. Legionis cuiusque. 

2. In loco quodam. 



EXERCISES 
I 

3. Viri cuiusque. 

4. Hiberna aliqua. 



Indefinite Pronouns 



9i 



5. Cohortium quarundam. 

6. Ab auxilils aliquibus. 

7. Agricolam quendam. 

8. Consuetudine aliqua. 

9. ConcilT cuiusdam. 

10. Equo cuique. 

11. Quidquam. 

12. Quemquam. 



13. Cuiusquam. 

14. In castris quibusque. 

15. Oppida aliqua. 

16. Vadum aliquod. 

17. Aliquid. 

18. Quidqueo 

19. Proelium quodque. 

20. ServT cuiusdam. 



II 



I. 


Anything. 


11. 


To each cohort. 


2. 


Of anything. 


12. 


Of certain farmers 


3- 


Of any one. 


J 3- 


On a certain hill. 


4- 


Of some one. 


14. 


Of some redoubt. 


5- 


To each one. 


i5- 


Some redoubts. 


6. 


By certain men. 


16. 


A certain town. 


7- 


By anything. 


J 7- 


For each boy. 


8. 


For each one. 


18. 


Of some chief. 


9- 


By any one. 


19. 


Certain hostages. 


10. 


Some one. 


20. 


Each part. 



Ill 

1. Ad flumen sunt castella aliqua. 2. In citeriore 1 
•Gallia est oppidum quoddam, quod contra populum Roma- 
num coniurat. 3. In agro quoque est magnus numerus 
equorum. 4. Miles quisque scutum et pilum et gladium 
habet. 5. Auxilia quaedam vicos finitimos vexant. 

6. Num explorat5res principibus Germanorum quidquam 
nuntiant ? 7. Consuetudines aliquae sunt veterrimae. 

8. Incolae Britanniae concilium gentis cuiusque vocant. 

9. Caesar c5pias suas, quae in ulteriore 1 Gallia sunt, in 



1 Citerior Gallia, hither Gaul (south of the Alps) ; ulterior Gallia, farther 
Gaul (north of the Alps). 



92 Elements of Latin 

hibernls collocat. 10. Post solis occasum servi trans 
vadum quodque commeatiis portant. n. Quis repentl- 
num eius adventum niintiat? 12. Roman! appropin- 
quant atque paulatim quemque locum optimum 1 occupant. 
13. Gentes ferae ius Romanorum non amant. 

IV 

1. Fire confuses some horses. 2. Each soldier carries 
his (own) supplies. 3. Does any one praise a bad man ? 
4. These are the same Germans with whom the Helve- 
tians often fight. 5. Certain scouts, who are wintering 
in Gaul, report these matters to Caesar. 6. The speech 
of the leader arouses each man. 7. A certain slave has 
my baggage. 8. Some tribes have many villages and 
towns. 9. I am giving a good book to each boy. 
10. Who are your allies ? 

2 Each best place, i.e. all the best places. 





Denarius Romanus 
A Roman coin with the head of Julius Caesar 



LESSON XXI 
REVIEW OF PRONOUNS; NUMERALS 

123. EXERCISES 

Study the review chart of pronouns, 130. 



124. 



NUMERALS 



The cardinal numerals are one, two, three, etc. ; the ordinals 
are first, second, third, etc. Learn the following numerals i 1 



Cardinals 

unus, one. 
duo, two. 
tres, three. 
quattuor, four. 
quinque, five. 

septem, seven. 
octo, eight. 
novem, nine. 
decern, ten. 
centum, hundred. 
mille, thousand. 



Ordinals 

primus, first. 
secundus, second. 
tertius, third. 
quartus, fourth. 
quintus, fifth. 
sextus, sixth. 
septimus, seventh. 
octavus, eighth. 
nonus, ninth. 
decimus, tenth. 



125. DECLENSION OF NUMERALS 

i. The ordinals are declined like bonus. 

2. Of the cardinals given above, only unus, duo, tres, and 

1 These numerals take the place of the vocabulary in this lesson. 

93 



94 



Elements of Latin 



mille are declined. For declension of unus, see 32. The others 
are declined as follows : 









Duo, tzuo 








Masc. 




Fern. 




Neut. 


Nom. 


duo 




duae 




duo 


Gen. 


duorum 




duarum 




duorum 


Dat. 


duobus 




duabus 




duobus 


Ace. 


duos, duo 




duas 




duo 


Abl. 


duobus 




duabus 
Tres, three 




duobus 


Declined like the 


plural 


of facilis. 










Mille, thousand 








Singular 




Plural' 






Indeclinable 


Nom. 


mllia 










Gen. 


milium 










Dat. 


milibus 








Ace. 


mllia 










Abl. 


milibus 



126. USE OF MILLE 

i. In the singular, mille is an adjective: 

Mille milites, a thousand soldiers. 

2. In the plural, milia is a neuter noun, and is followed by 
the genitive : 

Tria milia captivorum, three thousand(s of) captives. 

127. EXERCISES 

I 

i. Unius x legionis. 3. A septem virls. 

2. Quattuor librorum. 4. Prima 1 acies. 

1 Cardinals precede the noun ; ordinals precede or follow. 



Review of Pronouns; Numerals 95 

5. Dies tertius. 8. Mllle equT. 

6. Novem dierum. 9. Mllia peditum. 

7. Quinque exploratorum. 10. Duo mllia servorum. 

II 

1. Of three girls. 6. To the fourth ship. 

2. In the second line of battle. 7. A hundred children.^ 

3. Three thousand captives. 8. By eight javelins. 

4. For the tenth legion. 9. Of the seventh cohort. 

5. By six wagons. 10. Of a thousand men. 

Ill 

1. Marcus quattuor llberos, tres filios et unam filiam, 
habet. 2. Sex legiones centum mllia hostium facile su- 
perant. 3. Caesar oratione prima suos incitat. 4. Duae 
provinciae Romanae sunt citerior et ulterior Gallia. 

5. Commune Belgarum concilium consilia quaedam nun- 

tiat. 6. Consuetudo est Gallorum gladils pillsque for- 

titer pugnare. 7. Nona cohors vad5 trans flumen 

frumentum portat. 8. Cohors quinta legionis octavae 

est in castris, sed sexta cohors vicum oppugnat 9. Num 

quidquam copias perturbat ? 10. Hie collis altior quam 

montes aliqui est. 

IV 

1. Each legion has ten cohorts. 2. The fifth cohort 
of the tenth legion is in the second line of battle. 
3. Each boy has three gifts. 4. Four legions which 
have no leader are wintering in farther Gaul. 5. That 
chief has a thousand cavalry and three thousand infantry. 

6. The justice of the Roman senate is the best. 7. There 
are three islands in that river. 8. Each farmer has two 
horses in my field. 9. Whose roses are those which the 



9 6 



Elements of Latin 



little girl is carrying? 10. That is a good book which 
the boy has. 



128. 



REVIEW CHART — NOUNS 



Singular 


puell-a 


serv-us 


vir 


d5n-um 


dux 


caput 


-ae 


-i 


-i 


-i 


due-is 


capit-is 


-ae 


-5 


-6 


-6 


-i 


-i 


-am 


-um 


-um 


-um 


-em 


caput 


-a 


-0 


-0 


-0 


-e 


capit-e 


Plural 


puell-ae 


serv-i 


vir-i 


d5n-a 


duc-es 


capit-a 


-arum 


-orum 


-orum 


-orum 


-um 


-um 


-is 


-is 


-is 


-is 


-ibus 


-ibus 


-as 


-OS 


-OS 


-a 


-es 


-a 


-is 


-is 


-is 


-is 


-ibus 


-ibus 


Singular 


host-is 


animal 


arx 


fruct-us 


corn-u 


di-es 


-is 


animal-is 


arc-is 


-us 


-us 


-ei 


-i 


-i 


-i 


-ui 


-ii 


-ei 


-em 


animal 


-em 


-um 


-u 


-em 


-e 


animal-i 


-e 


-u 


-u 


-e 


Plural 


host-es 


animal-ia 


arc-es 


fruct-us 


corn-ua 


di-es 


-ium 


-ium 


-ium 


-uum 


-uum 


-erum 


-ibus 


-ibus 


-ibus 


-ibus 


-ibus 


-ebus 


-is, -es 


-ia 


-is, -es 


-us 


-ua 


-es 


-ibus 


-ibus 


-ibus 


-ibus 


-ibus 


-ebus 



Vocative = nom. ; except sing, of second declension nouns in -us = e. 



129. 



REVIEW CHART — ADJECTIVES 



Learn the following classification, and review the declension 
of the models : 



Review of Pronouns; Numerals 



97 





Positives 


First and Second Declensions. 


i. In -us 


like bonus. 


2. In -er 


like pulcher, liber. 


Third Declension. 




i. In -er 


like acer. 


2. In -is 


like facilis. 


3. Others 


| like ferax, prudens (-i stem). 




1 like vetus (cons. stem). 




Comparatives 


1. In -ior 


like altior. 



Superlatives 
1. In -us like bonus. 

Irregular Adjectives 

1. The nine irregulars : alius, alter, uter, neuter, ullus, nullus, 
unus, totus, solus. 

2. The comparative plus. 



130. 



REVIEW CHART — PRONOUNS 



Learn the following classification of pronouns, and review 
their declension : 



Personal 

ego, I. 

nos, we. 

tu, thou, you. 

vos, you. 

{of himself , etc. , a • \ 
< \ (reflexive) 



[ of themselves 
is, ea, id, he, she, 



it; pi., they. 



(non-reflexive) 



Possessive 
meus, my. 
noster, our. 
tuus, thy, your. 
vester, your. 



{ his, etc. 
suus, \ ' 

[ their. 
eius, his, etc. 



(reflexive) 



eorum 1 



I earum J 



\ their. 



. (non-reflexive) 



9 8 



Elements of Latin 



ipse, self, very. 

hie, this. 

iste, that, that of yours. 

ille, that. 



Intensive 

Demonstrative 

is, that, this. 
idem, the same. 

Relative 



qui, who, which, what, that. 

Interrogative 
quis, who? which ? what? . qui, what? what kind of ? 

Indefinite 

quisque, each. 
quidam, certain. 



quisquam, any one. 
aliquis, some one. 




Eques 






LESSON XXII 
VERBS 1 : PRINCIPAL PARTS; STEMS; SUM 

131. PRINCIPAL PARTS; VERB STEMS 

i. The principal parts of a verb are the present indicative, 
present infinitive, perfect indicative, and participle (perfect or 
future). 

2. The principal parts are so called because they show the 
three stems, on which all forms of the verb are built. 

3. The present stem maybe found by dropping the ending 
of the present infinitive. Thus the present stem of sum is es-, 
from esse. 

4. The perfect stem may be found by dropping -1 from the 
perfect indicative. Thus, the perfect stem of sum is fu-, from fui. 

5. The supine stem may be found by dropping -us 2 or -iirus 
from the participle. Thus the supine 3 stem of sum is fut-, from 
futiirus. 

6. In general, the first three tenses of a Latin verb are 
formed on the present stem, and the last three on the perfect 
stem. Certain forms, however, are always formed on the 
supine stem. These will be noted as they occur. 

132. THE IRREGULAR VERB— SUM 

Principal Parts 

Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. Fut. Participle 

sum esse fui futiirus 

1 For general explanation of mood, tense, etc., see Introduction, XI. 

2 -us from perfect participle, -urus from future. 

3 Also called the participle stem. 

99 



IOO 



Elements of Latin 







Stems 




Present, es- 


Perfect, fu- Supine, fut- 




Indicative Mood 




Singular 


Plural 
Present Tense 


I. 


sum, I am 


sumus, we are 


2. 


es, thou art, you are 


estis, you are 


3- 


est, he is 


sunt, they are 
Imperfect 


i. 


eram, I was 


eramus, we were 


2. 


eras, j>*& zew<? 


eratis, you were 


3- 


erat, ^ a/tfi- 


erant, they were 
Future 


i. 


ero, I shall be 


erimus, we shall be 


2. 


eris, jw» a//// be 


eritis, you will be 


3- 


erit, /z<? ze//// /£<? 


erunt, they will be 
Perfect 


i. 


fui, I have been, I was 


fuimus, we have been, we were 


2. 


fuisti, you have been, 


you fuistis, you have been, you were 




were 


fuerunt, fuere, they have been., 


3- 


fuit, he has been, he was they were 






Pluperfect 


i. 


f ueram, / had been 


fueramus, we had been 


2. 


f ueras, you had been 


fueratis, you had been 


3- 


f uerat, he had been 


f uerant, they had been 
Future Perfect 


i. 


fuero, I shall have been 


f uerimus, we shall have been 


2. 


fueris, you will have been fueritis, you will have been 


3- 


fuerit, he will have been 


: f uerint, they will have been 



Verbs: Principal Parts; Stems 



101 



133. 



NOTES ON CONJUGATION 



i. The first three tenses are very irregular. They are 
formed on the present stem (131, 3, 6), but the stem appears 
altered in most forms. 

2. The last three tenses are regular and are formed on the 
perfect stem (131, 4, 6). 



134. 

amicus, a, um, frie ndly. 
amicus, 1, m., friend. 



VOCABULARY 



multitudo, multitudinis, 

multitude. 



cotldianus, a, um, daily, every- praesidium, 1, n., guard, garri- 



day. 
fere, a/most, nearly (adv.). 
incolumis, incolume, unharmed, 

safe. 
mulier, mulieris, f., woman. 



son; protection. 
reliquus, a, um, remaining, rest 

signum, i, n., standard, signal. 
sum, esse, fui, futiirus, be. 



135. 



EXERCISES 



I. 


Sum. 


9- 


Erunt. 


2. 


Eram. 


10. 


Fuerant. 


3- 


Ero. 


1 1. 


Fuerunt. 


4- 


Fuistl. 


12. 


Fuere. 


5- 


Estis. 


J 3- 


Erimus. 


6. 


Eratis. 


14. 


Fueras. 


7- 


Fueramus. 


!5- 


Fueris. 


8. 


Fuerint. 


16. 
II 


Eritis. 


1. 


We shall have been. 


5- 


You had been 


2. 


I shall be. 


6. 


We have been 


3- 


He was. 


7- 


Thou wast. 


4- 


You are. 


8. 


They were. 



102 Elements of Latin 

9. Thou hast been. 13. They had been. 

10. He will have been. 14. They will be. 

11. He will be. 15. You will have been. 

12. They have been. 16. You will be. 

Ill 

I. Mulieres liberlque fuerunt in cams. 2. German! 
ferl fuerant arnlcl sochque Gallorum. 3. Duae legiones 
in colle erunt, sed reliquae copiae sunt in castrls. 4. Hel- 
vetil fere cotidianls proeliis cum Germanls pugnant, et 
fortissimi Gallorum sunt. 5. Ubi signum decimae legi- 
onis erit ? 6. Una cohors in magno perlculo fuerat. 
7. In quo loco fuistis ? 8. Incolae provinciae praesidio 
amici erant. 9. Magna virorum multitudo in oppid5 erit. 
10. Exploratores fuerant in castrls hostium, atque tamen 
incolumes fuerunt. 1 1. Caesar nobis amicus erit. 

12. Eram Caesaris amicus. 

IV 

1. Who has been commander of this garrison? 
2. Where was 1 Galba's slave? 3. The auxiliaries will 
be in the redoubt. 4. I shall have been near your win- 
ter quarters. 5. You have been in that village a long 
time. 6. Will not the women be near the camp ? 7. The 
loyalty of our friends has been incredible. 8. Your 
children are most friendly to me. 9. What 2 have been 
the conditions of peace ? 10. In what harbor will these 
ships be^? 

1 perfect. 2 What conditions of peace have (there) been ? 



LESSON XXIII 



136. 



SUM (continued) 
Subjunctive Mood 



i. 

2. 

3- 

i. 

2. 

3- 
i. 

2. 

3- 
i. 

2. 

3- 



Singular 



Plural 



Present 
sim, >w;zy / be simus, let us be, may we be 

sis, be you, may you be sitis, be ye, may you be 

sit, let him be, may he be sint, let them be, may they be 

Imperfect 

essemus, we should be 
essetis, you would be 
essent, they would be 
Perfect 

fuerimus, we may have been 
fueritis, you may have been 
fuerint, they may have been 
Pluperfect 
f uissem, / should have been f uissemus, we should have been 
fuisses, you would have been f uissetis, you woidd have been 
f uisset, he would have been f uissent, they would have been 



essem, I should be 
esses, you would be 
esset, he zvould be 

f uerim, / may have been 
i\\vcvs>,yoii may have beeti 
fuerit, he may have been 



Pres. 

Fut. 



2. 
2. 

3- 



Imperative Mood 

es, be thou este, be ye 

esto, thou shall be 
esto, he shall be 



Infinitive 
Pres. esse, to be 
Per/, fuisse, to have been 
Fut. futurus esse, to be 
about to be 



estote, ye shall be 
sunto, they shall be 

Participle 



Fut. futurus, 1 about to be 



1 Futurus, a, um; declined like bonus. 
103 



104 



Elements of Latin 



137. 



NOTES ON CONJUGATION 



i. The future participle and future infinitive are formed on 
the supine stem (131, 5). All other forms follow the regular 
rule (131, 6). 

2. The present stem appears altered in the present subjunc- 
tive, and the third person plural of the future imperative. 



138. 



VERB SYNOPSES 



Below is given a synopsis of the verb sum in the third person 
singular. Note that only the indicative, subjunctive, and im- 
perative have person ; therefore the remaining forms are given 

complete. 

Prin. Parts : sum, esse, fin, futurus. 



Stems : 


Pres. es- 




Perf. fu- 


Sup. fut- 


Tenses 


Indic. 


Subj. 


Imper. Infin. 


Part. Gerund (ive) 


Pres. 


est 


sit 




esse 






Imp. 


erat 


esset 










Put. 


erit 




esto 1 


futurus esse 


futurus 


(Supine) 


Per/. 


fuit 


fuerit 




fuisse 






Plup. 


fuerat 


fuisset 










Put. P. 


fuerit 













1 If the teacher prefers, the imperative may be given entire. In that case the 
pupil should clearly understand that a synopsis proper is given only for the indica- 
tive and subjunctive. 



139. 



EXERCISE 



Write from memory synopses in the second person plural, 
third person plural, etc. 



140. 



MEANING AND USE OF MOODS 



1. The subjunctive has a great variety of meanings and uses. 
These will be explained more fully in later lessons. For the 
present the meanings given above should be memorized, and 
employed in the exercises. 



Verbs: Principal Parts; Stems 



105 



2. The present subjunctive often expresses (1) a wish ; as, 
Dux incolumis sit, may the leader be unharmed ! 

(2) a mild command ; as, 

Simus fortes, let us be brave ! 

3. The imperative is used to express a command ; see 142, 
III, 5, 6. - 

4. The infinitive may be used as in English ; see 142, 
III, 11. 

5. The participle is a verbal adjective, and agrees with its 
noun in gender, number, and case. 

VOCABULARY 



141. 

aditus, us, m., approach. 

aedificium, 1, n., building. 

aequus, a, um, level ; favorable. 

autem, moreover, but, hoivever, 
(conj.). 

calamitas, calamitatis, f., calam- 
ity, disaster, defeat. 

clamor, clamoris, m., shouting, 
cry. 



dexter, tra, trum, right. 
inopia, ae, f., lack, want. 
regio, regionis, f., region, district. 
Rhenus, 1, m., the Rhine. 
ripa, ae, f., bank, shore. 
sinister, tra, trum, left. 
uterque, 1 utraque, utrumque, 
each (of two), both. 



142. 



1. 

2. 

3- 

4- 

5- 
6. 



Sis. 

Esset. 

Es. 

Este. 

Fueritis. 

Futurus. 

Fuisse. 



EXERCISES 




I 




9- 


Esse. 


10. 


Fuissemus. 


11. 


Estote. 


12. 


Futurus esse. 


13- 


Sunto. 


14. 


Sitis. 


i5- 


Fueris. 



8. Essemus. 



16. Fuissent. 
1 Declined like uter; see 32. 



106 Elements of Latin 

ii 



I. 


We may have been. 


9- 


You may have been. 


2. 


He would be. 


IO. 


You would have been 


3- 


Let us be. 


ii. 


To be. 


4- 


May we be. 


12. 


Thou shalt be. 


5- 


May they be. 


1 3- 


To have been. 


6. 


Let them be. 


14. 


He shall be. 


7- 


Be ye. 


15- 


To be about to be. 


8. 


About to be. 


16. 


Be thou. 



Ill 
1. Aditus sit f acilis ! 2. In utraque rlpa. fluminis 
fuisset praesidium. 3. In els regionibus fuisset inopia 
frumenti. 4. Haec mulier sit regina ! 5. Este viri 
audaces et prudentes. 6. Mulieres incolumes sunt5. 
7. Equites in dextro cornu f uissent. 8. Simus viri 
fortes! 9. Proelium sit in loco aequ5! 10. Calami- 
tates patriae nostrae sint paucae ! 11. GallT autem 1 
amici Romanorum esse recusant. 12. In sinistro cornu 
exercitus essent duae cohortes. 13. Ad rlpam fluminis 
Rheni fuissent multa aedificia Germanorum. 

IV 
1. There would have been shouting in the camp of the 
Belgians. 2. These children would have been friends. 
3. Almost a third part of the troops would have been un- 
harmed. 4. The Germans hope to be allies of the Romans. 
5. May you be good citizens of the fatherland ! 6. Let 
there be daily battles with our enemies ! 7. The remain- 
ing multitude would be unharmed. 8. Let Caesar be 
commander. 9. Be ye brave and bold, citizens ! 10. We 
should have been near the standard of our cohort. 

1 Autem is post-positive ; i.e. never stands first in the sentence. 



LESSON XXIV 



FIRST CONJUGATION — ACTIVE VOICE 

143. The First Conjugation includes all regular verbs whose 
present stem ends in -a. The present stem is found by dropping 
the infinitive ending -re (131, 3). 







Amd, / love 








Principal Parts 




Pres. Indic. 


Pres. 


Infin. Perf. Indic. 


Perf. Participle 


amo 


amare amavi 


a mat us 






Stems 




Present, ama- 




Perfect, amav- 
Indicative Mood 


Supine, amat- 


SlNGULAR 




Plural 






Present Tense 




amo, I love 




amamus, we love 


amas, you love 




amatis, you 


love 


a mat, he loves 




amant, they 


love 



Impe7'fect 
amabam , / luas loving, I lotted amabamus, we were loving, etc. 
amabas, you were loving, etc. amabatis, you were loving, etc, 

amabat, he 7vas loving, etc. amabant, they were loving, etc. 



amabo, I shall love 
amabis, you will love 
amabit, he will love 



Future 

amabimus, we shall love 
amabitis, you will love 
amabunt, they will love 
107 



108 Elements of Latin 

Singular Plural 

Perfect 

amavi, I have loved, I loved amavimus, we have loved, etc. 

amavisti, you have loved, etc. amavistis, you have loved, etc. 

amavit, he has loved, etc. amaverunt, amavere, they have 

loved, etc. 

Pluperfect 
amaveram, / had loved amaveramus, we had loved 

amaveras, you had loved amaveratis, you had loved 

amaverat, he had loved amaverant, they had loved 

Future Perfect 
amavero, I shall have loved amaverimus, we shall have loved 

amaveris, you will have loved amaveritis, you will have loved 

amaverit, he will have loved amaverint, they will have loved 

144. NOTES ON CONJUGATION 

i. The -a of the present stem becomes -a in certain forms 
and unites with the personal ending in the form amo. Similar 
variations occur in the present stem of the other conjugations. 
In studying the formation of tenses on the present stem, these 
variations need not be considered as irregularities. The quan- 
tity of vowels is a subject for special study. See Introduction, 
V. 

2. Otherwise the use of stems is regular according to 131, 6. 

145. FIRST CON JUGATION — REVIEW LIST 

The following list contains the first conjugation verbs which 
have occurred in the preceding lessons. They are conjugated 
precisely like amo. Review their meanings, and give their prin- 
cipal parts : 

comparo supero colloco 

laudo exspecto incito 

pugno oppugno paco 



First Conjugation — Active Voice 



109 



paro 




voco 


propero 


nuntio 




vasto 


recuso 


anno 




vexo 


spero 


appropinquo 


coniuro 


vulnero 


occupo 




conflrmo 


expugno 


porto 




hiemo 


perturbo 



146. 



VOCABULARY 



auctoritas, auctoritatis, f., au- Haedui, orum, m., the Haedui, 
thority, influence. a. Gallic tribe. 

causa, ae, f., cause, reason. iugum, 1, n., yoke ; ridge (of a 

clam, secretly (adv.). hill). 

convoco, are, avi, atus, call to- magistratus, us, m., magistrate, 

gether, summon. nuntius, 1, m., messenger. 

Diviciacus, 1, m., Diviciacus, a regnum, 1, n., rule, throne ; 
chief of the Haedui. kingdom. 

dubito, are, avi, atus, hesitate, sententia, ae, f., opinion, de- 
doubt, cision. 

frumentarius, a, um, of grain ; statim, at once, immediately 
res frumentaria, grain sup- (adv.). 

plies, provisions. vulgo, commonly, generally 

(adv.). 





147. 


EXERCISES 


I. 


Pugnabis. 


I 

9- 


Hiemavisti. 


2. 


Incitaverit. 


10. 


Vastaveratis. 


3- 


Collocabamus. 


II. 


Sperabam. 


4- 


Vulneravere. 


12. 


Vocavimus. 


5- 


Properatis. 


J 3- 


Perturbavero. 


6. 


Reciisaveras. 


14. 


Appropinquas 


7- 


Armabant. 


i5- 


Pacavi. 


8. 


Armabunt. 


16. 


Laudabo. 



I. 


You have armed. 


9- 


2. 


I shall lay waste. 


IO. 


3- 


You had wounded. 


ii. 


4- 


We shall have praised. 


12. 


5- 


You are conspiring. 


!3- 


6. 


You conspire. 


14. 


7- 


He has called. 


15- 


8. 


We had hesitated. 


l6. 



no Elements of Latin 

11 

They were preparing. 

You have praised. 

We shall station. 

He subdued. 

You will attack. 
14. I was awaiting. 

You were preparing. 
16. They have established. 

Ill 

1. Dlviciacus concilium magistratuum convocavit. 1 

2. Omnes Belgae contra populum R5manum coniurabant. 2 

3. In Gallia prmcipes audacissiml regna vulgo occupaverunt. 

4. Impetu repentlno hostes copias Romanas magnopere 
perturbaverant. 5. Auctoritas prlncipis Gallos celeri- 
ter incitabit. 6. Milites in sinistro cornu collocavero. 
7. Dux nuntids Haedu5rum exspectabat. 8. In regioni- 
bus fmitimis fuerat inopia rei friimentariae. 9. C5nsul 
de proelio diu dubitabat. 10. Quis vestrum hanc senten- 
tiam laudabit? n. Dux in summo iugo collis unam 
cohortem collocaverat. 12. Nonne in loc5 aequo pugna- 
bitis ? 13. Exploratores causam Ignis celeriter nuntia- 
verunt. 14. German! ad utramque ripam Rheni statim 
commeatus portabunt. 

IV 

1. You will easily seize the town, but the approach is 
very difficult. 2. The cries of the women had aroused 
the right wing of the enemy. 3. The Germans were has- 

1 A single past action is expressed by the perfect ; as, convocavit, he summoned. 

2 Continued or customary past action is expressed by the imperfect ; as, coniu- 
rabant, they were conspiring ; dubitabat, he hesitated (usually, habitually). 



First Conjugation — Active Voice 



in 



tening l into the province. 4. The enemy had seized many 
buildings and villages of the Haedui. 5. The inhabit- 
ants of Gaul, moreover, are very brave. 6. Disasters do 
not easily disturb us. 7. I shall summon all the magis- 
trates to the council. 8. You had wounded him with 
a javelin. 9. The leader established 1 peace with the 
Haedui. 10. Who will refuse to fight against the ene- 
mies of his country ? 

1 What tense ? See III, i, 2, footnotes. 




Navis et Nautae 



LESSON XXV 



FIRST CONJUGATION — ACTIVE (Continued) 

148* Subjunctive Mood 

Plural 
Present 

amemus, let us love 
ametis, may you love 



Singular 

amem, may I love 
ames, may you love 



amet, let him love, may he love ament, let them love, may they love 



amarem, I should love 
amares, you would love 
amaret, he would love 



Imperfect 

amaremus, we should love 
amaretis, you would love 
amarent, they would love 



Perfect 
amaverim, / may have loved amaverimus, we may have loved 

amaveris, you may have loved amaveritis, you may have loved 
amaverit, he may have loved amaverint, they may have loved 

Pluperfect 
amavissem, I should have loved amavissemus, we should have 
amavisses, you would have loved loved 

amavisset, he would have loved amavissetis,jjw/ would have loved 

amavissent, they would have loved 



Imperative Mood 
2. ama, love thou amate, love ye 



Pres 

Fut 2. amato, thou shalt love 
3. amato, he shall love 



amatote, ye shall love 
amanto, they shall love 



112 



First Conjugation — Active Voice 



ii3 



Infinitive 
Pres. a mare, to love 
Per/, amavisse, to have loved 
Put. amatiirus esse, to be about 
to love 

Gerund 
Gen. amandi, of loving 
Dat. amando, for loving 
Ace. amandum, loving 
Abl. amando, by loving 



Participle 
Pres. amans, 1 loving 
(Gen. amantis) 
Put. amatiirus, about to love 



Supine 



Ace. amatum, to love 

Abl. amatii, to love, be loved 



149. 



NOTES ON CONJUGATION 



1. The future participle, future infinitive, and the supine are 
formed on the supine stem. 

2. The gerund is a verbal noun and is formed on the present 
stem. 

3. All other forms follow the regular rule (131, 6). Notice, 
however, that the present stem loses -a entirely in the present 
subjunctive. This, and other variations of the present stem, 
must be memorized in the study of the paradigms. 

150. VERB SYNOPSES; EXERCISES 

1. Below is a synopsis of amo in the third person singular: 
Prin. Parts : amo, amare, amavi, amatus. 



Stems : 


Pres. 


ama- 


Perf. amav- 


Sup. amat- 


Tenses 


Indie. 


Subj. 


Imper. Infin. 


Part. Gerund (ive) 


Pres. 


amat 


amet 




amare 


amans 


amandi 


Imp. 


amabat 


amaret 










Fut. 


amabit 




amat5 


amatiirus 
esse 


amatiirus 


(Supine) 
amatum 


Per/. 


amavit 


amaverit 




amavisse 






Plup. 


amaverat 


amavisset 










Fut. P. 


amaverit 













1 Declined like prudens, 52. The ablative singular prefers -e to -i unless used 
as an adjective. 



ii4 



Elements of Latin 



2. Determine the stems of laudo, pugno, colloco, dubito, vasto, 
according to the principles of 131. 

3. Write synopses of two of the above verbs in different 
persons. 

151. THE GERUND AND SUPINE 

1. The gerund may be used in its different cases like a noun ; 
see 153, III, 2, 15. 

2. The use of the supine will be explained in a later lesson. 



152. 



VOCABULARY 



colloquium, 1, n., conference. 

difficultas, dimcultatis, f. , diffi- 
culty. 

fuga, ae, f., flight. 

labor, laboris, m., labor, task. 

potestas, potestatis, f., power, 
authority. 

primo, at first (adv.). 



propugno, are, avi, atus, fight 
back, resist. 

pugna, ae, f., fight, battle. 

rex, regis, m., king. 

studium, i, n., desire, eagerness. 

tempto, are, avi, atus, try, at- 
tempt. 





153. ] 


EXERCISES 


I. 


Laudares. 


I 
9- 


Paraturus. 


2. 


Collocato. 


10. 


Pacavisse. 


3- 


Hiemavissem. 


11. 


Vexarent. 


4- 


Armando. 


12. 


ConfTrmare. 


5- 


Occupaventis. 


1 3- 


Incitavisses. 


6. 


Temptent. 


14. 


Superaverit. 


7- 


Dubitate. 


i5- 


Niinties. 


8. 


Propugnans. 


16. 


Vexaretis. 


1. 


You would have called. 


II 
4- 


Reporting. 


2. 


To have wounded. 


5- 


Of hoping. 


3- 


He may hesitate. 


6. 


To attempt. 



First Conjugation — Active Voice 115 

7. He would arm. 12. He would prepare. 

8. They would hope. 13. About to attack. 

9. Let them approach. 14. To arouse. 

10. You may summon. 15. To be about to refuse. 

11. I should have prepared. 16. They would have resisted. 

HI 

1. Concilium principum ipsorum clam convocemus. 
2. Hostes prlmo erant n5n cupidi pugnandi. 3. Ad- 
ventum Caesaris cum re frumentaria exspectavissemus. 
4. Este audaces et oppidum oppugnate ! 5. Caesar de 
proelio non dubitavisset. 6. Rex omnes milites statim 
armare paravit. 7. Per potestatem DlviciacI Gallos facile 
pacavissetis. 8. Cum popul5 Roman5 Haedul pacem 
conflrment ! 9. Sententiam magistratuum celeriter nun- 
tiet ! 10. Impetus hostium saepe est acerrimus, sed 
nostrl propugnare vulgo non recusant. 11. Ad collo- 
quium nuntius legatos convocavisset. 12. Dux primum 
agmen 1 hostium oppugnare parat. 13. In summo 
iugo collis milites, fortiter pugnantes, hostes superabunt. 
14. Difficultas laboris est maxima, sed temptare non re- 
cusamus. 15. Studium pugnandi copias incitet ! 

IV 

1. The Gauls have many opportunities of conspiring. 
2. The scouts would have reported the sudden flight of 
the Gauls. 3. For many reasons 2 the leaders were pre- 
paring to capture the town. 4. Let us overcome the 
enemy by fighting bravely ! 5. The chief of the Haedui 
would have seized the throne. 6. Fight bravely, men, 

1 Primum agmen, the first of the column, i.e. advance guard. 

2 Multis de causis. 



n6 Elements of Latin 

with your commander. 7. The commander, arousing his 
soldiers, places them in line of battle. 8. Let us attempt 
this task without fear ! 9. The farmer hastened to 
summon his slaves. 10. I should have reported this 
difficulty to you. 

154. READING LESSON — THE NAUGHTY BOY, 1 I 

Albertus, puer ignavus, litteras non amabat. Saepe 
magistrum suum vltabat, et agros pererrabat. At saevus 
taurus agros habitabat. Denique puerum videt. 2 Primo 
stat et advenam saevls oculis lustrat. Albertus fugam 
tentat. Turn Instat taurus. Mox cornigerum monstrum 
miserl pueri tergum vulnerabit. 

1 Words occurring in the reading lessons of Lessons XXV-XXXV, and not oc- 
curring in preceding vocabularies, will be found in the special vocabularies, page 
299. 2 Videt, sees. 




MlLITES ROMAN! LEGIONARII 



LESSON XXVI 



FIRST CONJUGATION— PASSIVE VOICE 



155. 



Singular 

amor 

amaris, or -re 
amatur 

amabar 

amabaris, or -re 
amabatur 

amabor 

amaberis, or -re 
amabitur 



AMO (Continued) 

Indicative Mood 

Present Tense 
/am loved 



Imperfect 
/ was loved 



Future 
/ shall be loved 



Plural 

araamur 

amamini 

amantur 

amabamur 
amabamini 
amabantur 

amabimur 

amabimini 

amabuntur 



Perfect 
I have been loved or / zvas loved 



amatus (-a, -um) sum 
amatus es 
amatus est 



Pluperfect 
/ had been loved 




amatus eram 
amatus eras 
amatus erat 

amatus ero 
amatus eris 
amatus erit 



Future Perfect 
/ shall have been loved 



amati (-ae, -a) sumus 
amati estis 
amati sunt 

amati eramus 
amati eratis 
amati erant 

amati erimus 
amati eritis 
amati erunt 



117 



n8 Elements of Latin 

156. NOTES ON CONJUGATION 

i. The use of the present stem is regular except in the form 
amor, which is formed by adding the passive ending -r to the 
active amo and shortening the -o. 

2. The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect passive are 
composed of the perfect passive participle (see 162) and the 
verb sum. They are called compound tenses, since they con- 
sist of two parts. All compound tenses are formed on the 
supine stem. 

157. EXERCISE 

Observe that compound tenses have different forms for each 
gender. Translate : (i) He has been called. (2) The girl has 
been loved. (3) The town has been captured. 

158. ABLATIVE OF AGENT 

Rule : With passive verbs, the agent {pi' person who performs the 
action) is expressed by the ablative with the preposition a (aV). 

Niintius a Caesare exspectabatur, the messenger was awaited by 
Caesar. 

159. VOCABULARY 

angustus, a, um, narrow. latitudo, latitudinis, f., width. 

apud, prep. gov. ace, among, latus, lateris, n., side, flank. 

with. modus, 1, m., manner, way, 
celeritas, celeritatis, f., speed. kind. 

equester, equestris, equestre, nobilis, nobile, noble. 

pertaining to cavalry, eques- salus, salutis, f. , safety. 

trian. transports, are, avi, atus, carry 
msidiae, arum, f. pi., ambush. across, transport. 

interim, meanwhile (adv.). tutus, a, um, safe. 



First Conjugation — Passive Voice 



119 



160. 



EXERCISES 



I. 


Transportaris. 


9- 


Recusabitur. 


2. 


Laudabimini. 


10. 


Expugnatum erit 


3- 


Vocatus es. 


11. 


Perturbantur. 


4- 


Vocata est. 


12. 


Perturbabantur. 


5- 


Nuntiatum erat. 


*3- 


Superati erunt. 


6. 


Vastabatur. 


14. 


Exspectabaris. 


7- 


Parabor. 


IS.- 


Vulneraberis. 


8. 


Amaminl. 


16. 


Vocatae sunt. 



II 



1. I shall be called. 

2. I have been praised. 

3. They are awaited. 

4. We are wounded. 

5. You will be praised. 

6. We had been overcome. 

7. She has been called. 

8. It had been prepared. 



9. You are called. 

10. They had been wounded. 

11. We were awaited. 

12. They had been overcome. 

13. He has been praised. 

14. It was attacked. 

15. He will have been called. 

16. It is refused. 




Ill 

1. Orgetorix, qui apud Helvetios longe 1 nobilissimus 
erat, ad concilium vocatus est. 2. Nonne ad colloquium 
ducum vocatus es ? 3. Ab hostibus in extrema spe salu- 
tis fortiter pugnabitur. 2 4. Summa cum difficultate 3 
German! pacabuntur. 5. Omnibus Gallorum gentibus 
potestas popull Roman! nuntiabitur. 6. In pugna cum 
Gallis vulneratus sum. 7. Unum latus castrorum vallo 
confirmatum erat. 8. Eq.uestri proelio inter duas acies 

1 By far. 2 // will be fought by the enemy, i.e. the enemy will fight. 

3 Summa cum difficultate, a very common order ; equivalent to cum summa 
difficultate. 



120 Elements of Latin 

acriter pugnabatur. 9. Interim sine ullo periculo cora- 
meatus a Gallis portabantur. 10. Ab hostibus Insidiae 
in silvis collocatae erant, sed copiae Romanae fortiter 
propugnaverunt. n. Clamore hostium perturbabamur. 
12. Propter latitudinem fluminis friimentum n5n facile 
transportatur. 13. Labor est maximus et pauca praemia 
exspectantur. 

IV 

1. The fields of the Gauls had been laid waste, and 
their towns had been captured. 2. The flight of the 
enemy will be reported to Caesar with the greatest speed. 
3. The soldiers were aroused by the eagerness x of their 
leader. 4. Were you wounded in the cavalry battle ? 
5. Meanwhile all the captives had been summoned to the 
conference. 6. We were aroused by the bravery 1 of 
our commander. 7. This was reported to the senate by 
those envoys. 8. Safety is not hoped for by the captives. 

9. Marcus will be quickly called by the messenger. 

10. I am greatly disturbed by this matter. 1 

161. READING LESSON — THE NAUGHTY BOY, II 

Fossa lata, Hm5 et aqua plena, agrum forte terminabat. 
Miser puer loco appropinquat et temere aquae se mandat. 
Non alta est aqua, sed limus profundus membra cohibet. 2 
Taurus puerum videt 3 sed periculum aquae timet. 4 Diu 
haeret 5 Albertus ; taurus vana Ira captlvum liistrat. At 
agricola forte agrum intrat. Statim magno baculo taurum 
deturbat Hberatque puerum. 

1 Not the agent ; use no preposition. 2 Cohibet = holds. 

3 Videt = sees. 4 Timet = fears. 5 Haeret = sticks. 



LESSON XXVII 
FIRST CONJUGATION — PASSIVE (Continued) 

162. Subjunctive Mood 

Singular Plural 

Present 

May I be loved, let him be loved 
amer amemur 

ameris, or -re amemini 

ametur amentur 

Imperfect 

I should be loved, he ivould be loved 

amarer amaremur 

amareris, or -re amaremini 

amaretur amarentur 

Perfect 

/ may have been loved , 

amatus sim amati simus 

amatus sis amati sitis 

amatus sit amati sint 

Pluperfect 

I should have been loved, he zvould have been loved 

amatus essem amati essemus 

amatus esses amati essetis 

amatus esset amati essent 

Imperative Mood 

Pres. 2. amare, be thou loved amamini, be ye loved 
Fut. 2. amator, thou shall be loved 

3. amator, he shall be loved amantor, they shall be loved 

121 



122 Elements of Latin 

Infinitive Participle 

Pres. am an, to be loved 

Perf. amatus esse, to have Per/. amatus, 1 loved, having 

been loved been loved 

Put. amatum iri, to be about Gerundive amandus, 1 to be loved, 

to be loved deserving to be loved 

163. NOTES ON CONJUGATION 

i. The present stem loses -a in the present subjunctive. 

2. The perfect and pluperfect subjunctive, and the perfect 
and future infinitive, being compound tenses, are formed on the 
supine stem. Also, the perfect participle is formed on the 
supine stem. 

3. The gerundive, 2 like the gerund, is formed on the present 
stem. 

4. All other forms follow the regular rule (131, 6). 

164. VERB FORMATION 

From the conjugation of amo, the following facts, which apply 
to all conjugations, may be deduced. They should be com- 
mitted to memory. 

1. The present stem 3 may be found by dropping -re from 
the infinitive (second principal part). 

2. The perfect stem may be found by dropping -i from the 
perfect (third principal part). 

3. The supine stem may be found by dropping -us or -urus 
from the participle (fourth principal part). 

4. On the supine stem are formed the supine, the future 
active and perfect passive participles, and all compound tenses. 

1 Declined like bonus. 

2 Sometimes called the future passive participle. Its use will be explained later. 

3 Variations in the final vowel of the present stem occur in all conjugations, and 
must be learned in the paradigms ; see 144, i ; 149, 3. 



First Conjugation — Passive Voice 123 

5. The gerund and gerundive are formed on the present 
stem. 

6. All other tenses are formed on either the present or per- 
fect stem, according to the tense. 

165. EXERCISE 

Write synopses in the passive voice of vasto, second singular ; 
paro, third plural. 

166. VOCABULARY 

debet, he ought, it ought. pro, prep. gov. abl., for, in be- 
exploro, are, avi, atus, find out, half of, instead of, in front 

explore. of. 

memoria, ae, f., memory. probo, are, avi, atus, approve. 

munitio, munitionis, f., fortifi- recens, recens, gen. recentis, 

cation. recent. 

ob, prep. gov. ace, on account Remi, orum, m., the Re?ni, a 

of for. Gallic tribe. 

postulo, are, avi, atus, demand. undique, from all directions, 
potens, potens, gen. potentis, on all sides (adv.). 

powerful. 

167. EXERCISES 



I. 


Landaretur. 


I 
9- 


Exspectata esset. 


2. 


Paratus. 


10. 


Nuntietur. 


3- 


VoceminT. 


1 1. 


Transportarentur, 


4- 


Vocati essetis. 


12. 


Vulneratus sim. 


5- 


Superandus. 


J 3- 


Vulnerata sit. 


6. 


Pacatum in. 


14. 


Occupatus esse. 


7- 


Parari. 


iS- 


Vocaremur. 


8. 


Occuparemur. 


16. 


Pacatus. 



124 Elements of Latin 



I. 


We may be called. 


II 
9- 


It would be demanded. 


2. 


Let him be called. 


IO. 


He may have been called. 


3- 


To have been praised. 


ii. 


They would be overcome. 


4- 


To be about to be loved. 


12. 


She would have been loved. 


5; 


It would have been reported. 


J 3- 


Prepared. 


6. 


To be summoned. 


14. 


Having been prepared. 


7- 


May he be praised. 


*5- 


Be ye prepared. 



8. He may have been loved. 16. Thou shalt be praised. 

Ill 

1. Insidiae huius modi temptentur ! 2. Haec munitio 
oppugnari debet. 3. Hae omnes res a RemTs exploratae 
essent 4. Haec munitio ab hostibus nostrls expugnari 
non debet. 5. Imperium totius belli ab hac gente postu- 
laretur. 6. Hanc ob causam Diviciacus, vir potentissi- 
mus, exspectetur. 7. Legati hostium, ad colloquium 
convocati, pacem c5nfirmare recusant. 8. Paramini, 
RomanI nobiles, diu et fortiter pugnare ! 9. Memoria 
belli recentis omnes Rem! perturbati essent. 10. Con- 
silium vestrum probetur ! 11. Viri summa cum celeritate 
undique convocentur ! 

IV 

1. One legion would have been stationed in a safe place. 
2. Meanwhile let the troops be transported across the 
river. 3. The Germans would have been overcome in a 
cavalry battle. 4. On account of the width of the river, 
the grain would not easily have been carried across. 
5. The horsemen, having been attacked, resisted sharply 
in the narrow road. 6. The right side of the fortification 
would have been captured by a sudden attack. 7. Few 



First Conjugation — Passive Voice 125 

citizens would not have been aroused by this surrender of 
our troops. 8. On account of our recent victory a hostage 
ought to be demanded. 9. Let the inhabitants of the 
village be summoned from the fields ! 10. What plan 
ought to be approved ? 

168. READING LESSON — THE BAD APPLES 

Carolus, filius impigri agricolae, bonus erat puer sed 
malos amicos amabat. Agricola igitur puero calathum 
plenum pomorum dat. Bona poma continebat 1 calathus, 
pauca tamen erant putrida. Puer donum diligenter curat, 
sed mala p5ma bona maculant, et mox cuncta sunt mala. 
Carolus maestus adversam fortunam plorat. Turn agricola 
filium ita monet 2 : " Mala poma bona maculant, certe mall 
amici bonum puerum maculabunt." 

1 Continebat = contained. 2 Monet = advises, admonisnes. 



Scutum 



LESSON XXVIII 

SECOND CONJUGATION — ACTIVE VOICE 

169. The Second Conjugation includes all regular verbs 
whose present stem ends in -e. 

Mone5, I advise 
Principal Parts 



Pres. Indic. 


Pres. 


Infin. Perf. Indic. Perf. Participle 


moneo 


monere monui monitus 






Stems 




Present, mone- 




Perfect, monu- 


Supine, monit- 


Singular 




Indicative Mood 

Present Tense 
/ advise 


Plural 


moneo 






monemus 


mones 






monetis 


monet 




Imperfect 


monent 




/ was advising, or / advised 


monebam 






monebamus 


monebas 






monebatis 


monebat 




Future 


mon5bant 


monebo 




/ shall advise 


monebimus 


monebis 






monebitis 


monebit 




Perfect 


monebunt 


, 


I have advised, or / advised 


monui 






monuimus 


monuisti 






monuistis 


monuit 






monuerunt, or -ere 



126 



Second Conjugation — Active Voice 



127 



Singular 



monueram 

monueras 

monuerat 



monuero 

monueris 

monuerit 



Pluperfect 
/ had advised 



Future Perfect 
/ shall have advised 



Plural 



monueramus 

monueratis 

monuerant 



monuerimus 

monueritis 

monuerint 



Subjunctive Mood 

Present 
May I advise, let him advise 

moneam moneamus 

moneas moneatis 

moneat moneant 

Imperfect 

/ should advise, he would advise 

monerem 
moneres 



moneret 



monuenm 

monueris 

monuerit 



moneremus 

moneretis 

monerent 



Perfect 
/ may have advised 



monuerimus 

monueritis 

monuerint 



Pluperfect 
/ should have advised, he would have advised 

monuissem 

monuisses 

monuisset 



monuissemus 

monuissetis 

monuissent 



128 



Elements of Latin 



Imperative Mood . 

Pres. mone, advise thou monete, advise ye 

Fut. moneto, thou shalt advise 
moneto, he shall advise 



monetote, ye shall advise 
monento, they shall advise 



Infinitive 

Pres. monere, to advise 
Per/, monuisse, to have advised 
Fut. moniturus esse, to be 
about to advise 

Gerund 

Gen. monendi, of advising 

Dat. monendo, for advising 

Ace. monendum, advising 

Abl. monendo, by advising 



Participle 

Pres. monens, advising 
(Gen. monentis) 

Fut. moniturus, about to ad- 
vise 

Supine 



Ace. monitum, to advise 
Abl. monitu, to advise, be ad- 
vised 



170. NOTE ON CONJUGATION 

The use of stems is entirely regular. 1 

171. EXERCISE 

According to the principles of 164, determine the stems of 
the verbs in the vocabulary. Write synopses of augeo, third 
singular, and of debeo, first plural. 



172. 



VOCABULARY 



altitudo, altitudinis, f., height, 

depth. 
augeo, ere, auxi, auctus, increase, 

7nake larger. 
debeo, ere, ui, itus, ought, be 

obliged to ; owe. 

1 But see 164, i, footnote. 



fremitus, us, m., noise, uproar. 
habeo, ere, Ui, itus, have, possess, 

hold ; maintain, consider. 
iam, now, already (adv.). 
inermis, inerme, unarmed. 
lateo, ere, latui, 2 lie hid. 

2 Lateo lacks the supine stem. 



Second Conjugation — Active Voice 



129 



moneo, ere, ui, itus, advise, 

warn. 
Morini, orum, m., the Morini, a 

Belgian tribe, 
obtineo, ere, ui, tentus, hold, 

occupy ; obtain. 



onerarius, a, um, of burden ; 

naves onerariae, freight ships, 

transports. 
praebeo, ere, ui, itus, afford, 

furnish, show. 
ventus, i, m., wind. 



] 


.73. 


EXERCISES 


I. 


Auxisse. 


I 
9- 


Auctum. 


2. 


Haberemus. 


10. 


Praebitu. 


3- 


Moniturus. 


II. 


Habuissetis. 


4- 


Obtinuerimus. 


12. 


Latere. 


5- 


Obtinuerlmus. 


1 3- 


Obtinebatis. 


6. 


Latebis. 


14. 


Debueratis. 


7- 


Praebetis. 


i5- 


Monuimus. 


8. 


Obtinendo. 


16. 


Obtinens. 


1. 


We shall furnish. 


II 

9- 


We have obtained. 


2. 


Let us afford. 


10. 


You have advised. 


3- 


He had advised. 


11. 


He has possessed. 


4- 


He owed. 


12. 


I shall furnish. 


5- 


They will owe. 


13- 


They had owed. 


6. 


I ought. 


14. 


You will have increased 


7- 


You may obtain. 


iS- 


You lay hid. 


8. 


To have obtained. 


16. 


He would have lain hid. 



Ill 

I. Inermis exercitus noster ab hostibus, qui in silvis 
latebant, undique oppugnatus est. 2. Dei n5bis auxilium 
praebeant ! 3. Morini ad 1 utramque ripam Rheni agros, 
aedificia, vicosque habebant. 4. Impedimenta difficul- 
tates itineris augebant. 5. Hostes speciem timoris 



1 On or near. 



130 - Elements of Latin 

praebuissent. 6. Pro civibus, milites, parate pugnare et 
nullum timorem praebete ! 7. Vis venti difficultatem 
milites 1 transportandl navibus 2 onerariis auxit. 8. Vir 
potentissimus esse debes. 9. Monete incolas vlcl ! 
10. Propter memoriam rerum recentium obsides postulare 
debemus. 11. Earn ob causam regnum non obtinuisses. 
12. Nonne hoc cdnsilium probavissetis ? 13. Erat fremi- 
tus magnus in vlc5 atque milites nostri iam perturbabantur. 
14. Dux altitudinem munltionis atque latitudinem fossae 

exploraverat. 

IV 

1. The women and children lay hidden in the forest. 
2. Increase the infantry to the number of ten thousand 
men. 3. Caesar would have had many transports in the 
farther harbor. 4. The hope of obtaining the rule 3 
arouses him. 5. One legion ought to hold the camp. 
6. We ought not to afford an opportunity of increasing 
the troops. 3 7. We have already warned the citizens. 
8. You have held the throne a long time. 9. On account 
of the depth of the river we ought to have boats. 10. On 
account of their loyalty, the Remi will have great rewards. 

174. READING LESSON — THE LITTLE SLAVE 

Florus, parvus puer, servus erat TitI, colon! BritannicI 
(nam Britanni olim servos habebant). Augustus et Iulius, 
fllil TitI, servum parvum saepe vexabant et eius membra 
limo maculabant. Florus aliquando lacrimas non tenebat. 
At Titus, vir bonus, forte lacrimas videt, et plenus irae limo 
oculos et capillos et membra puerorum malorum maculat. 
Itaque nunquam posthac puerl servum parvum vexabant. 

1 Object of the gerund transportandl. 2 Abl., by. 3 Compare III, 7. 



LESSON XXIX 



SECOND CONJUGATION — PASSIVE VOICE 
175. MONEO (Continued) 

Indicative Mood 



Singular 

moneor 

rnoneris, or -re 
monetur 

monebar 

monebaris, or -re 
monebatur 

monebor 

moneberis, or -re 
monebitur 



Present Tense 
I am advised 



Imperfect 

I was advised 



Future 
/ shall be advised 



Plural 

monemur 

monemini 

monentur 

monebamur 
monebamini 
monebantur 

monebimur 
monebimini 
monebuntur 



Perfect 
/ have been advised, I was advised 



monitus sum 
monitus es 
monitus est 

monitus eram 
monitus eras 
monitus erat 

monitus ero 
monitus eris 
monitus erit 



Pluperfect 
/ had been advised 



Future Perfect 
/ shall have been advised 



moniti sumus 
moniti estis 
moniti sunt 

moniti eramus 
moniti eratis 
moniti erant 

moniti erimus 
moniti eritis 
moniti erunt 



131 



132 



Elements of Latin 



Subjunctive Mood 

Singular Plural 

Present 

May I be advised, let him be advised 
monear moneamur 

monearis, or -re moneamini 

moneatur moneantur 

Imperfect 
I should be advised, he zvould be advised 



monerer 

monereris, or -re 
moneretur 



Perfect 
/ may have been advised 



moneremur 

moneremini 

monerentur 

moniti simus 
moniti sitis 
moniti sint 



monitus sim 
monitus sis 

monitus sit 

Pluperfect 
I should have been advised, he would have been advised 
monitus essem moniti essemus 

monitus esses moniti essetis 

monitus esset moniti essent 

Imperative Mood 

Pres. monere, be thou advised monemini, be ye advised 
Fut. monetor, thou shalt be 

advised 
monetor, he shall be monentor, they shall be advised 

advised 

Infinitive Participle 

Pres. moneri, to be advised 

Per/, monitus esse, to have been Perf. monitus, advised 

advised Gerundive monendus, to be 
Fut. monitum iri, to be about to advised, deserv- 

be advised ing to be advised 



Second Conjugation — Passive Voice 133 

176. NOTE ON CONJUGATION 

The use of stems is regular. 1 

177. EXERCISE 

1. Determine the stems of each verb in the vocabulary. 

2. Write synopses of two of them, in different persons. 



178. 



VOCABULARY 



Ariovistus, 1, m., Ariovistus, a 


provideo, ere, vidi, visus, fore- 


German king. 


see. 


do, 2 dare, dedl, datus, give. 


piiblicus, a, um, public ; res pu- 


Dumnorix, Dumnorigis, m., 


blica, rei publicae, f., repub- 


Dumnorix, a Haeduan leader. 


lic, state. 


f rater, fratris, m., brother. 


remaneo, ere, mansi, mansurus, 


gratia, ae, f., influence, favor. 


remain. 


iniuria, ae, f., injury, wrong. 


responded, ere, spondi, sponsus, 


moved, ere, movi, motus, move, 


answer, reply. 


influence, excite. 


ubi, when (conj.). 


prohibeo, ere, ui, itus, keep from, 


video, ere, vidi, visus, see. 


prevent, prohibit, stop. 




179. EXERCISES 


1. Visus erat. 


1 

9. Movebar. 


2. Visa est. 


10. Praebita sunt. 


3. Visum est. 


n. Monitae erant. 


4. Auctum Iri. 


12. Visi erunt. 


5. Obtineretur. 


13. Debebatur. 


6. Praebeatur. 


14. Haberi. 


7. Moneminl. 


15. Habitus esse. 


8. Moneamini. 


16. Prohibentor. 



1 But see 164, i, footnote. 

2 Do is a first conjugation verb with irregular stems, — da-, ded- 
present stem, however, has -a- 1 in the forms das, dans, da. 



dat^. The 



I. 


He is moved. 


9 


2. 


To be moved. 


IO 


3- 


Having been increased. 


ii 


4- 


They shall be moved. 


12 


5- 


He would have been seen. 


1 3 


6. 


It would be prohibited. 


14 



134 Elements of Latin 

11 

They will be moved. 
To have been possessed. 
It may be increased. 
It may have been seen. 
He may be prevented. 
She has been prevented. 

7. She has been seen. 15. To be about to be seen. 

8. He had been warned. 16. Be ye advised. 

Ill 

1. Hanc ob causam castra ex eo loco movebuntur. 
2. Ariovistus ad orationem 'Caesaris multa 1 respondisset, 
sed colloquium prohibitum est. 3. Dumnorix, f rater 
Dlviciaci, iam monitus erat. 4. Fremitus clamoribus 
serv5rum inermium augebatur. 5. Naves onerariae a 
Gallis praebeantur ! 6. Explorator, ab hostibus visus, 
in monte latebat. 7. Altitudine miirl Morini castrls pro- 
hibit! essent. 8. Magna gratia a Dumnorige habebatur. 

9. Propter iniurias rel publicae, Caesar in Gallia remanere 
parabat. 10. Obsides a Gallis Caesari dati sunt. 
11. Prlncipes Galliae inter se coniurant atque omnes res 
ab els providebuntur. 

IV 

1. One part of these regions was held by the Gauls. 

2. The enemy were excited by 2 the height of the tower. 

3. By whom were you seen ? 4. What did you reply 
when these gifts were given to you? 5. When Caesar 
moved his camp, he was not seen by the enemy. 6. The 
danger of the republic ought to be foreseen. 7. Will not 

1 See 111, III, 3, footnote. 

2 Use no preposition to express " by" unless the ablative denotes the agent. 



Second Conjugation — Passive Voice 135 

your brother be seen again ? 8. I was greatly moved by 
these, injuries which have annoyed you. 9. The enemy 
will easily be kept from supplies. 1 10. On account of 
these causes, the baggage had been moved. 

180. READING LESSON — THE MISER, I 

Plutus, vir avarus, parvam fossam parat, atque ibi mul- 
tum argentum celat. Servus forte agrum arabat. Subito 
latebras nudat spoliatque argentum. Postrldie domino 
apparet furtum, nam avidis oculis thesaurum suum saepe 
spectabat. Miser Plutus terram et caelum querelis implet. 
Mercurius, fldus deorum nuntius, subit5 adest, et causam 
lacrimarum benign e postulat. Plutus igitur malam fortu- 
nam ita narrat. 

1 Ablative ; use no preposition. Ci. Ill, 7. 




Clipeus 



LESSON XXX 



THIRD CONJUGATION — ACTIVE VOICE 

181. The Third Conjugation includes all regular verbs whose 

present stem ends in -e. 

Rego, / rule 



Principal Parts 

Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Ind. 

rego regere rexi 

Stems 



Perf. Participle 

rectus 



'resent, rege- 


Perfect, rex- 
Indicative Mood 


Supine, re 


SlNGULAR 


Present Tense 
/ rule 


Plural 


rego 




regimus 


regis 




regitis 


regit 


Imperfect 


regunt 




/ was ruling, or / ruled 


regebam 




regebamus 


regebas 




regebatis 


regebat 


Future 
I shall rule 


regebant 


regam 




regemus 


reges 




regetis 


reget 


Perfect 


regent 




/ have ruled, or I ruled 


rexi 




reximus 


rexisti 




rexistis 


rexit 




rexerunt, or -ere 



136 



Third Conjugation — Active Voice 



1 37 



Singular 



rexeram 

rexeras 

rexerat 



Pluperfect 
I had ruled 



Plural 



rexeramus 

rexeratis 

rexerant 



Future Perfect 
I shall have ruled 



rexero 




rexerimus 


rexeris 




rexeritis 


rexerit 


Subjunctive Mood 

Present 


rexerint 




May I rule, let him rule 


regam 




regamus 


regas 




regatis 


regat 


Imperfect 


regant 




I should rule, he would 1 


'ule 


regerem 




regeremus 


regeres 




regeretis 


regeret 


Perfect 
/ may have ruled 


regerent 


rexerim 




rexerimus 


rexeris 




rexeritis 


rexerit 




rexerint 



Pluperfect 
I should have ruled, he would have ruled 
rexissem rexissemus 

rexisses rexissetis 

rexisset rexissent 



i3» 



Elements of Latin 



Imperative Mood 

Pres. rege, rule thou regite, rule ye 

Fut. regito, thou shall rule regitote, ye shall rule 

regito, he shall rule regunto, they shall rule 



Infinitive 

Pres. regere, to rule 
Per/, rexisse, to have ruled 
Fut. rectiirus esse, to be about 
to rule 

Gerund 

Gen. regendi, of 'ruling 

Dat. regendo, for ruling 

Ace. regendum, ruling 

Abl. regendo, by ruling 



Participle 

Pres. regens, ruling 

(Gen. regentis) 
Fut. rectiirus, about to rule 

Supine 



Ace. rectum, to rule 

Abl. rectu., to rule, be ruled 



182. 



NOTES ON CONJUGATION 



Variations occur in the final vowel of the present stem, as 
noted in 164, i, footnote. Otherwise the use of stems is regular. 



183. EXERCISE 

According to the principles of 164, determine the stems of 
each verb in the vocabulary, and write synopses of two in dif- 
ferent persons. 



184. 



VOCABULARY 



ago, ere, egi, actus, drive, lead, 
bring up ; gratias ago, / re- 
turn thanks. 

cogo, ere, coegi, coactus, force ; 
gather, collect. 



desero, ere, serui, sertus, desert, 
abandon. 

diico, ere, duxi, ductus, lead. 

emo, ere, emi, emptus, buy, pur- 
chase. 



Third Conjugation — Active Voice 



x 39 



gero, ere, gessi, gestus, carry ; 
carry on, do, perform ; bellum 
ger5, / wage war. 

litterae, arum, f. pi., letter, docu- 
ment. 

mercator, mercatoris, m., trader, 
merchant. 



militaris, militare, military ; res 
militaris, the art of war, 
military affairs. 

mitto, ere, misi, missus, send. 

praemitto, ere, misi, missus, 
send ahead. 

rego, ere, rexi, rectus, rule. 

servitus, servitiitis, f., slavery. 



J 


.85. 


EXERCISES 


I. 


Reget. 


I 
9- 


Gessisse. 


2. 


Mittebas. 


IO. 


Acturus esse. 


3- 


Gerere. 


ii. 


Emerant. 


4: 


Acturus. 


12. 


Agunt. 


5- 


Deseruit. 


J 3- 


Ducent. 


6. 


Ducens. 


14. 


Cogite. 


7- 


Cogendi. 


15- 


Mittunto. 


8. 


Coactum. 


16. 


Rexeratis. 


i. 


He was ruling. 


II 
9- 


They will drive. 


2. 


He has ruled. 


10. 


Of driving. 


3- 


He will rule. 


1 1. 


You had sent. 


4- 


I should have sent. 


12. 


To have bought. 


5- 


Sending. 


1 3- 


I had collected. 


6. 


We shall have led. 


14. 


We shall desert. 


7- 


Let them force. 


iS« 


To have deserted 


8. 


You have bought. 


16. 


You buy. 



Ill 

1. Caesar unam cohortem cum exploratoribus praemisit. 
2. Caesar ad senatum R5manum litteras misit. 3. Hel- 
vetii quam maximum numerum carrorum emerant. 



140 Elements of Latin 

4. Imperatorem nostrum non deseruissemus. 5. Magi- 
stratus multitudinem virorum cogant ! 6. Helvetii cum 
Germanis bellum saepissime gerunt. 7. Legio decima 
Caesarl gratias egit. 8. Num. contra hostes legionem mit- 
tes ? 9. Pr5 re publica bellum geramus ! 10. Num 
Diviciacus propter iniurias fratris Dumnorlgis Romanos 
deseruit? 11. Hostes trans Rhenum copias suas duxis- 
sent. 12. In servitutem liberos nostros ducere non 
debetis. 13. Milites a mercatoribus multum frumentum 
emerant. 14. Res militaris et virtutem et c5nsilium 

postulat. 

IV 

1. The Romans have waged war with many nations. 
2. After the battle, the soldiers were collecting the mili- 
tary standards. 3. Let the boys drive the horses to the 
river ! 4. Will the chief lead his troops out of camp ? 

5. Send ahead as many scouts as possible. 6. I shall 
gather all the supplies into one place. 7. Will you buy 
these provisions ? 8. We ought to return thanks to our 
fellow-citizens. 9. A merchant of Britain has sent a letter 
to me. 10. We should have purchased grain in the village. 

186. READING LESSON— THE MISER, II 

" Sum vir egenus, tamen parvum thesaurum habebam ; 
magna cura pecuniam meam semper servabam. Nunc 
tamen nihil mihi manet." At deus maestum viri animum 
mulcet et fossam saxis implet. Turn Plutum ita admonet : 
" Tu quidem argentum semper lustrabas, nee unquam 
divitias attrectabas. Avaro divitiae non prosunt 1 ; saxa 
igitur locum argent! tibi supplebunt." 

1 Prosunt = benefit. 



LESSON XXXI 



THIRD CONJUGATION — PASSIVE VOICE 

187. REGO (Continued) 

Indicative Mood 



Singular 


Present Tense 
/ am ruled 


Plural 


regor 




regimur 


regeris, or -re 




regimini 


regitur 


Imperfect 
/ was ruled 


reguntur 


regebar 




regebamur 


regebaris, or: 


re 


regebamini 


regebatur 


Future 
/ shall be ruled 


regebantur 


regar 


• 


regemur 


regeris, or -re 




regemini 


regetur 


Perfect 


regentur 


/ have 


been ruled, or / was 


ruled 


rectus sum 




recti sumus 


rectus es 




recti estis 


rectus est 


Pluperfect 
/ had been ruled 


recti sunt 


rectus eram 




recti eramus 


rectus eras 




recti eratis 


rectus erat 


Future Perfect 


recti erant 


/ shall have been ruled 


t 


rectus ero 




recti erimus 


rectus eris 




recti eritis 


rectus erit 


141 


recti erunt 



142 Elements of Latin 

Subjunctive Mood 

Singular Plural 

Present 

May J be ruled, let him be ruled 

regar regamur 

regaris, or -re regarnini 

regatur regantur 

Imperfect 
/ should be ruled, he would be ruled 

regerer regeremur 

regereris, or -re regeremini 

regeretur regerentur 

Perfect 
/ may have been ruled 

rectus sim recti simus 

rectus sis recti sitis 

rectus sit recti sint 

Pluperfect 
/ should have been ruled, he would have been ruled 
rectus essem recti essemus 

rectus esses recti essetis 

rectus esset recti essent 

Imperative Mood 

Pres. regere, be thou ruled regimini, be ye ruled 

Fut. regitor , thou shall be ruled 

regitor, he shall be ruled reguntor, they shall be ruled 

Infinitive Participle 

Pres. regi, to be ruled 

Per/, rectus esse, to have been Per/. rectus, ruled 

ruled 
Fut. rectum iri, to be about Gerundive regendus, to be ruled, 

to be ruled deserving to be ruled 



-■ • 



188. 



Third Conjugation — Passive Voice 



NOTE ON CONJUGATION 



143 



The use of stems is regular, except the usual variations of the 
present stem vowel. 

189. EXERCISES 

Repeat the exercise of 183, for this lesson. 



190. 



VOCABULARY 



arcesso, ere, ivi, Itus, send for, incolo, ere, colui, inhabit, dwell. 

summon. natura, ae, f., nature, character. 

classis, classis, f., fleet. neque, nor, and . . . not ; neque 
dedo, ere, dedidi, deditus, give . . . neque, neither . . . nor 

up, surrender. (conj.). 

defendo, ere, fendi, fensus, ward reduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead 

off, defend. back. 

discedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, vinco, ere, vici, victus, conquer. 



leave, depart. 
homo, hominis, c, man, human 

being. 
incendo, ere, cendi, census, burn, 

set fire to. 



vinea, ae, f., shed (a shelter to 
protect a besieging party). 





191. 


EXERCISES 


I. 


Arcessitus. 


I 

9- 


Ducuntor. 


2. 


Defendendus. 


10. 


Missi erunt. 


3- 


Incensus esse. 


11. 


Coacti estis. 


4- 


Cogi. 


12. 


DeseraminT. 


5- 


Reducerentur. 


J3- 


Emptum erat. 


6. 


Gestum erat. 


14. 


Ageretur. 


7- 


Gesta essent. 


!5« 


AgT. 


8. 


Deseremur. 


16. 


Praemissus est 



I. 


He is led. 


2. 


We should be led. 


3- 


To be about to be forced. 


4- 


He may be forced. 


5- 


To have been summoned. 


6. 


He shall be defended. 


7- 


We may have been led. 



144 Elements of Latin 

11 

9. He had been led. 

10. To be gathered. 

11. You have been deserted. 

12. You will be sent. 

13. Be ye defended. 

14. I should have been ruled. 

15. It may be burned. 

8. Having been surrendered. 16. It has been burned. 

Ill 

1. Quidam homo, qui erat mercator, a Caesare arcessi- 
tus est. 2. Liberl nostri in servitutem duel non debue- 
runt. 3. Helvetil undique natura loci defenduntur. 
4. Ab incolis huius oppidi omnia arma imperat5rl dedita 
essent. 5. Exploratores praemissi castra hostium vide- 
bunt. 6. Helvetil finibus suis discedere coacti sunt. 
7. VicI atque reliqua aedificia incendantur ! 8. Dux a 
sociis suis, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, desertus est. 

9. Neque classe neque exercitu victi essemus. 10. Num 
vineae ad murum agebantur ? 11. Multa bella contra 
Germanos gerentur. 

IV 

I. Let thanks be returned to the commander! 2. This 
letter ought to be sent to the Roman senate. 3. Messen- 
gers will be sent ahead concerning peace. 4. The troops 
will not be led back. 5. The arms would have been 
surrendered by all these captives. 6. Let the wall be 
defended by those auxiliaries. 7. On account of the 
storm, these ships have been compelled to remain in the 
harbor. 8. That building would have been burned 



Third Conjugation — Passive Voice 145 

quickly. 9. In this island neither men nor animals 
dwell. 10. These nations will be conquered without 
difficulty. 

192. READING LESSON — THE BROKEN DIKE, I 

CimbrI miram terrain habitant, nam oceanus tecta agrds- 
que agricolarum saepe inundat. Incolae fossis tumulisque 
magnis violentiam undarum coercent; aliquand5 tamen 
aqua claustra deturbat et terram vastat. Forte erat tumu- 
lus non validus ; iam apparet parva rima ; mox via magna 
patebit et undae terram superabunt. At perlculum videt 
puer parvus ; statim dextra rlmam implet coercetque aquam. 





Galeae 



LESSON XXXII 



FOURTH CONJUGATION— ACTIVE VOICE 

193. The Fourth Conjugation includes all regular verbs 
whose present stem ends in -I. 

Audio, I hear 

Principal Parts 



Pres. Indic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indic. Perf. Participle 


audio 


audire audivi auditus 




Stems 




Present, audi- 


Perfect, audiv- 
Indicative Mood 


Supine, audit- 


SlNGULAR 


Present Tense 
I hear 


Plural 


audio 




audimus 


audis 




auditis 


audit 


Imperfect 


audiunt 




/ was hearing, or / heard 


audiebam 




audiebamus 


audiebas 




audiebatis 


audiebat 


Future 
/ shall hear 


audiebant 


audiam 




audiemus 


audies 




audietis 


audiet 


Perfect 
I have heard, or I hear a 


audient 


audivi 




audivimus 


audivisti 




audivistis 


audivit 




audTverunt, or -ere 



146 



Fourth Conjugation — Active Voice 



147 



Singular 



audiveram 

audiveras 

audiverat 



audivero 

audiveris 

audlverit 



Pluperfect 
/ had heard 



Future Perfect 
/ shall have heard 



Plural 



audlveramus 

audiveratis 

audiverant 



audlverimus 

audiveritis 

audiverint 



Subjunctive Mood 

Present 
May I hear, lei him hear 



audiam 




audiamus 


audias 




audiatis 


audiat 


Imperfect 


audiant 




I should hear, he would hear 


audirem 




audiremus 


audires 




audiretis 


audiret 


Perfect 
/ may have heard 


audirent 


audlverim 




audlverimus 


audiveris 




audiveritis 


audlverit 




audiverint 



Pluperfect 
/ should have heard, he would have heard 

audivissem audivissemus 

audivisses audlvissetis 

audivisset audivissent 



148 



Elements of Latin 



Imperative Mood 

Pres. audi , hear thou audite, hear ye 

Put. audito, thou shalt hear 
audits, he shall hear 



auditote, ye shall hear 
audiunto, they shall hear 



Infinitive 

Pres. audire, to hear 
Perf. audivisse, to have heard 
Put. auditiirus esse, to be about 
to hear 

Gerund 

Gen. audiendi, of hearing 
Dat. audiendo, for hearing 
Ace. audiendum, hearing 
Abl. audiendo, by hearing 



Participle 

Pres. audiens, hearing 
(Gen. audientis) 
Put. auditiirus, about to hear 

Supine 



Ace. auditum, to hear 

Abl. auditu, to hear, be heard 



194. 



NOTES ON CONJUGATION 



i. In this conjugation, the vowel e occurs after the final vowel 
of the present stem in the imperfect indicative (e), in the 
gerund (e), and present participle (e). In the same way, the 
vowel ii occurs in the third person plural of the present in- 
dicative and of the future imperative. 

2. Otherwise the use of stems is regular, except the usual 
variations of the present stem vowel. 

195. EXERCISE 

Repeat the exercise of 183, for this lesson. 



196. 



VOCABULARY 



amicitia, ae, i., friendship. 
audio, ire, ivi, itus, hear. 
barbarus, i, m., a barbarian, 
foreigner. 



callidus, a, um, shrewd, cunning. 

centurio, centurionis, m., a cen- 
turion, commander of a divi- 
sion, or century. 



Fourth Conjugation — Active Voice 



149 



contendo, ere, tendi, tentus, 
strive, struggle; hasten. 

deligo, ere, legi, lectus, choose, 
select. 

desilio, Ire, silui, sultus, leap 
down. 



impedio, ire, ivi, Itus, hinder. 
munio, ire, ivi, itus, fortify. 
nemo, m., no one, nobody (dat., 

nemini ; ace, neminem ; other 

cases lacking). 
venio, ire, venl, venturus, came. 



197. 

1. Impediebas. 

2. Audivisse. 

3. Muniamus. 

4. Muniemus. 

5. Desiliunt. 

6. Desillre. 

7. Audiendo. 

8. Venturus. 



1. We have come. 

2. May he come. 

3. They would hinder. 

4. To have fortified. 

5. By fortifying. 

6. Hearing. 

7. Of hearing. 

8. He will have hindered. 



EXERCISES 

T 


1 

9- 


Munivisses. 


10. 


Desiluerunt. 


1 1. 


Desiluerint. 


12. 


Impedite. 


1 3- 


Audiunt. 


14. 


Audiunto. 


!5- 


Muniremus. 


16. 


Venerant. 


II 




9- 


We had come. 


10. 


You will fortify. 


11. 


To hinder. 


12. 


To have hindered. 


J 3- 


We should have come 


14. 


About to leap down. 


*5- 


We may havQ come. 


16. 


To be about to come. 



Ill 

1. Nemo celerius quam Diviciacus venit. 2. Ei qui 
in superiore loco sunt collem muniant ! 3. Centurio legi- 
onis decimae ex navi desiluit atque milites ad barbaros 
duxit. 4. Ubi cives hoc audiverunt, discesserunt. 5. Na- 



150 Elements of Latin 

tura loci iter nostrorum impediebat. 6. Contendite agere 
vlneas ! 7. Barbarl neque fossa neque muro castra mu- 
nivissent. 8. E gentibus finitimis magnam classem coe- 
gimus. 9. Eos venientes 1 prohiberedebemus. 10. Caesar 
quendam hominem et callidum 2 d elegit atque eum ad vlcum 
misit. n. Incolae huius oppidi propter amicitiam fru- 
mentum ad Romanos mittere contenderunt. 

IV 

1. The enemy stationed an ambush and hindered the 
march of our army. 2. Will you not fortify this place 
with a redoubt? 3. Many envoys have already come 
from neighboring states. 4. We shall hasten to buy 
supplies. 5. All the women heard the uproar and showed 
great fear. 6. Let us leap down from the wall and attack 
the enemy ! 7. Do you hear the men coming 3 ? 8. Let 
no one hinder me ! 9. A wise leader would have forti- 
fied his camp. 10. Will the soldiers choose a centurion? 

198. READING LESSON — THE BROKEN DIKE, II 

Diu et constanter puer praesidium servabat. lam rige- 
bant membra, at parva dextra aquam semper coercebat. 
Postrldie agricolae locd appropinquant. Puer frlgidus et 
moribundus dextra tamen aquam coercet. Saxis tumulum 
celeriter confirmant, et llmo rimam implent. Turn umeris 
puerum sublevant recreantque cibo. Cimbri tantam cdn- 
stantiam saepe commemorant, narrantque suis liberls pueri 
factum. 

1 Eos venientes, those (who are) coming. 

2 Quendam hominem et callidum, a certain (and) cunning man. 

3 Compare III, 9. 



LESSON XXXIII 



FOURTH CONJUGATION — PASSIVE VOICE 
199. AUDIO (Continued) 

Indicative Mood 



Singular 

audior 

audiris, or -re 
auditur 

audiebar 

audiebaris, or -re 
audiebatur 



Present Tense 
I am heard 



Imperfect 
/ was heard 



Plural 

audimur 

audimini 

audiuntur 

audiebamur 
audiebamini 
audiebantur 



Future 
/ shall be heard 



audiar audiemur 

audieris, or -re audiemini 

audietur audientur 

Perfect 
/ have been heard, or / was heard 



audltus sum 
auditus es 
audltus est 

auditus eram 
auditus eras 
auditus erat 

auditus ero 
auditus eris 
auditus erit 



Pluperfect 
/ had been heard 



Future Perfect 
/ shall have been heard 



audlti sumus 
audlti estis 
audit! sunt 

audlti eramus 
audlti eratis 
audlti erant 

audlti erimus 
audlti eritis 
audlti erunt 



iu 



152 Elements of Latin 



Subjunctive Mood 

Singular Plural 

Present 
May I be heard, let him be heard 
audiar audiamur 

audiaris, or -re audiamini 

audiatur audiantur 

Imperfect 
I should be heard, he would be heard 

audirer audiremur 

audireris, or -re audiremini 

audiretur audirentur 

Perfect 
/ may have been heard 
auditus sim audit! simus 

auditus sis audit! sitis 

auditus sit audit! sint 

Pluperfect 
/ should have been heard, he would have been heard 

auditus essem audit! essemus 

auditus esses audit! essetis 

auditus esset audit! essent 

Imperative Mood 

Pres. audire, be thou heard audimini, be ye heard 

Fut. auditor, thou shalt be 
heard 
auditor, he shall be heard audiuntor, they shall be heard 

Infinitive Participle 

Pres. audiri, to be heard 

Per/, auditus esse, to have been Per/. auditus, heard 

heard Gerundive audiendus, to be 

Fut. audltum iri, to be about to heard, deserving 

be heard to be heard 



Fourth Conjugation — Passive Voice 153 



200. 



NOTES ON CONJUGATION 



The vowel e is inserted, as in the active voice, in the im- 
perfect indicative (e), and the gerundive (e). The vowel u is in- 
serted as in the active voice. Otherwise the use of stems is 
regular, except the usual variations of the present stem vowel. 

201. EXERCISE 

Repeat the exercise of 183 for this lesson. 



202. 



VOCABULARY 



apertus, a, urn, open, unpro- 
tected. 

circumvenio, ire, veni, ventus, 
surround. 

convenio, ire, veni, ventum, come 
together, assemble. 

eo, thither, there, to that place 
(adv.). 

fortuna, ae, i., fortune, fate. 

mors, mortis, f., death. 

nihil (indeclinable), nothing. 



opus, operis, n., work; pi., 
works, fortification. 

pecus, pecoris, n., herd, flock, 
cattle. 

reperio, ire, repperi, repertus, 
find, discover. 

scio, ire, scivi, scitus, know. 

sentio, ire, sensi, sensus, per- 
ceive, learn. 

suspicio, suspicionis, f ., suspicion. 

vulnus, vulneris, n., wound. 



203. 



EXERCISES 



I. 


Repertus esse. 


9- 


Audiendus. 


2. 


Sentiremur. 


10. 


Repertus. 


3- 


Audiaris. 


11. 


Munitor. 


4- 


Impediemini. 


12. 


Audimini. 


5- 


Munitum erit. 


J 3- 


Sensum esset. 


6. 


Circumvent! estis. 


14. 


Circumventus 


7- 


Sciretur. 


i5- 


Scietur. 


8. 


Sensum iri. 


16. 


Sciatur. 



154 Elements of Latin 

ii 

i. We are heard. 9. He was surrounded. 

2. To be heard. 10. It is known. 

3. He had been hindered. 11. It may be known. 

4. Deserving to be hindered. 12. You are hindered. 

5. We had been discovered. 13. Having been perceived. 

6. It will be discovered. 14. It would have been found. 

7. It had been fortified. 15. It is fortified. 

8. To be perceived. 16. He will be surrounded. 

Ill 

1. Nostra commeatus inopia non reperta esset. 
2. Nonne haec sciebantur ? 3. Barbarl ab 1 latere aperto 
circumventl sunt et multl vulnerati sunt. 4. Ubi hae 
difficulties sensae sunt, omnes celeriter convenerunt. 
5. Propter adventum hostium pecora ex agris ab agricolis 
agebantur. 6. Ubi haec audientur, venient. 7. For- 
tuna melior reperiatur ! 8. Opus erat difficillimum et 
propter multas causas impediebatur. 9. Hae susplciones 
a viro callido sensae essent. 10. Incolae huius vici, nihil 
sentientes, circumventl sunt. 11. Ubi eo ventum est, 2 
centurio ad imperatorem nuntium misit. 12. Milites 
fortes neque vulneribus neque morte perturbantur. 

IV 

1. Many herds were found in the fields. 2. That 
town was easily surrounded by our men. 3. Let no sus- 
picion of fear be perceived ! 4. Let the town be fortified 
and the attack of the enemy awaited. 5. All the envoys 
assembled from the neighboring states when the greatness 

1 Ab = on. 2 When it was come there ; i.e. when they had come there. 



Fourth Conjugation — Passive Voice 155 

of the danger was perceived. 6. No cause of his 1 death 
has been discovered. 7. Will his suspicions be dis- 
covered ? 8. This fortification was surrounded quickly. 

9. The march was hindered by the wounds of the soldiers. 

10. Nothing was discovered by the scouts. 

204. READING LESSON — THE PIPERS SLAVE, I 

Carolus, puer inhonestus, servus erat Clodi, viri honestl. 
Clodius erat fistula peritus et canoris sonis amlcos saepe de- 
lectabat ; at puer f Istulam non amabat, sed saepe erat 
domino molestus. Forte agricola, vlcinus Clodi, nuptias 
flliae celebrat, vocatque et dominum et servum. Cena erat 
copiosa; mensa magnum caseum vix sustinebat; hie erant 
ova, illic poma ; at porculus oculos convlvarum praecipue 
delectabat. 

1 His death ; i.e. the death of him. 




IUGUM ET ARATRUM 



LESSON XXXIV 
REVIEW OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS 

205. In this lesson is given a review of the regular verbs of 
the four conjugations. The forms on the present stem should 
be compared and the differences carefully noted. 

206. INFINITIVE ENDINGS 

The conjugation to which a verb belongs may be told directly 

from the principal parts by the ending of the present infinitive, 

thus : 

Conjugation I -are 

Conjugation II -ere 

Conjugation III -ere 

Conjugation IV -ire 

207. EXERCISES 

i. Review the present and future indicative and the present 
subjunctive of the four model verbs, in both voices. 

2. Repeat the same exercise for the imperative, infinitives, 
and participles. 

3. Review the meanings and principal parts of the verbs in 
the review list below, and determine to what conjugation each 
belongs. 

4. Review the first and second conjugations entire, and re- 
view exercises I, II, in 147, 153, 160, 167, 173, 179. 

5. Review the third and fourth conjugations entire, and re- 
view exercises I, II, in 185, 191, 197, 203. 

6. Write synopses of several verbs in the review list, in both 

voices. 

156 



Review of the Four Conjugations 



157 



208. 



REVIEW LIST OF VERBS 



recuso 


arcesso 


conflrmo 


mitto 


contendo 


colloco 


anno 


convoco 


dedo 


augeo 


circumvenio 


deligo 


ago 


comparo 


do 


cogo 


coniuro 


debeo 


convenio 


discedo 


duco 


appropinquo 


desilio 


defendo 


dubito 


gero 


hiemo 


erao 


habeo 


incito 


expugno 


incolo 


incendo 


desero 


impedio 


lateo 


exspecto 


laudo 


munio 


exploro 


moveo 


occupo 


oppugn 


obtineo 


porto 


pugno 


paco 


praemitto 


praebeo 


prohibeo 


provideo 


propugno 


probo 


paro 


propero 


postulo 


perturbo 


remaneo 


respondeo 


reperio 


reduco 


spero 


scio 


supero 


sentio 


tempto 


transporto 


vexo 


voco 


vasto 


vulnero 


video 


vinco 


venio 





Hasta 



LESSON XXXV 
THIRD CONJUGATION — VERBS IN 10 

209. i. Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation have the pres- 
ent system like audio chiefly. The following forms, however, 
are like rego : 

a. Present i?idicative (except the first singular and third plural). 

b. Imperfect subjunctive. 

c. Imperative (except the third plural future). 

d. Present infinitive. 

2. Other forms, including the exceptions mentioned, are like 

audio. 

Principal Parts 



Pres. Indic. 


Pres. Infin. 


Perf. Indic. Perf. Participle 


capio 


capere 


cepi 
Stems 


captus 


Present, capie- 


(cape-) 


Perfect, cep- 


Supine, capt- 


ACTIVE VOICE 


PASSIVE VOICE 


Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Presen 


T 




Present 


capio, I take 


capiam 


capior 


capiar 


capis, you take 


capias 


caperis (-re) capiaris (-re) 


capit, he takes 


capiat 


capitur 


capiatur 


capimus 


capiamus 


capimur 


capiamur 


capitis 


capiatis 


capimini 


capiamini 


capiunt 


capiant 


capiuntur 


capiantur 


Imperfect 




Imperfect 



capiebam 



caperem 



capiebar caperer 



158 



Third Conjugation — Verbs in 10 



J 59 





Future 


Future 


capiam 


l 


capiar 


capies 




capieris (-re) 


capiet, 


etc. 


capietur, etc. 




Perfect 


Perfect 


cepi 


ceperim 


captus sum captus sim 




Pluperfect 


Pluperfect 


ceperam cepissem 


captus eram captus essem 


] 


^uture Perfect 


Future Perfect 


cepero 




captus ero 




Imperative 




Present 


Present 


Singular Plural 


Singular Phiral 




cape capite 


capere capimini 




Future 


Future 




capito capitote 


pi ■ni'fnT* 




LdUlLUi 




capito capiunto 


capitor capiuntor 




Infinitive 


Pres. 


capere 


capi 


Per/. 


cepisse 


captus esse 


Put. 


capturus esse 


captum iri 




Participles 


Pres. 


capiens, -ientis 


Per/. captus, -a, -um 


Put 


capturus, -a, -um 


Gerundive capiendus, -a, -um 




Gerund 


Supine 


capiendi, -do, -dum, -do 


captum, -tu 


210 


NOTE ON 


CONJUGATION 



Verbs . in -io of the third conjugation must be carefully dis- 
tinguished from those in -o. As has been noted in 209, i, d, the 
ending of the present infinitive is the same in both. Review 206. 



i6o 



Elements of Latin 



211. 



VOCABULARY 



take. 



capio, ere, cepi, captus, 

capture, adopt. 
catena, ae, f., chain, bond. 
conicio, ere, ieci, iectus, throw 

together, hurl ; put. 
facio, ere, feci, factus, make, do. 
iacio, ere, ieci, iactus, throw. 
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, begin. 
legatio, legationis, f., embassy. 
litus, litoris, n., shore. 



obsidio, obsidionis, f., siege. 

perficio, ere, feci, fectus, accom- 
plish. 

quidem, even (adv.) ; ne . . . qui- 
dem, not even. 

recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, take 
back, receive ; se recipere, to 
retreat (i.e. take oneself back). 

suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, under- 
take. 



2 


112. 


EXERCISES 


i. 


Capere. 


I 

IT. 


Caperetur. 


2. 


Capi. 


12. 


Faciens. 


3- 


Perficerem. 


!3- 


Recipe. 


4- 


Iecerunt. 


14- 


Susceptus esse. 


5- 


Incipietur. 


*5- 


Incipi. 


6. 


Me recepT. 


16. 


Capereris. 


7- 


Te recepisti. 


J 7- 


Inceperas. 


8. 


Se recepit 


18. 


Perfecimus. 


9- 


Suscipiendi. 


19. 


Vos recipite. 


IO. 


Facturus. 


20. 


Nos recipiemus. 


i. 


They undertake. 


II 
7- 


You will retreat. 


2. 


Let us undertake. 


8. 


They had retreated. 


3- 


We have received. 


9. 


I shall have retreated 


4- 


He would do. 


10. 


Thou mayest retreat. 


5- 


To have done. 


11. 


To be taken. 


6. 


We retreat. 


12. 


They may be taken. 



Third Conjugation — Verbs in 10 161 

13. It was thrown. 17. To have been begun. 

14. It will be undertaken. 18. You would be taken. 

15. Having been received. 19. About to throw. 

16. It has been accomplished. 20. Deserving to be taken. 

Ill 

1. Prlnceps Germanorum legatos Romanos in catenas 
coniecit. 2. Ubi exploratores eo venerunt, naves in 
aperto litore reppererunt. 3. Amlci mel litteras quas ad 
eos misl non receperunt. 4. Tela e loco superiore in 
nostros iaciebantur. 5. Filius tuus negotium sine diffi- 
cultate perficiet. 6. Is homo legationem ad civitates 
finitimas susceperat. 7. Barbari ne prlmum x quidem im- 
petum exspectaverunt, sed statim se receperunt. 8. Opus 
celeriter incipiatur ! 9. Boni puerl nihil mall 2 facient. 
10. Hoc oppidum ab exercitu nostro obsidione longa cap- 
turn est. 11. Propter suspiciones magistratuum nihil 
earum rerum 3 facile perfectum est. 12. Obsidio huius 
oppidi sine timore suscipiatur. 13. Vulnera hostium sunt 
gravissima atque se recipiunt. 

IV 

1. This work will be very quickly accomplished. 
2. Galba's letter was received before the arrival of his 
son-in-law. 3. That embassy would have been under- 
taken by my brother. 4. Let us begin the siege and 
capture the town. 5. Meanwhile our allies have begun 
to desert. 6. No one has accomplished this without 
great danger of death. 7. The enemy begin to throw 

1 The emphatic word is placed between ne and quidem. 

2 Nihil mali, nothing {of) evil. 

3 Nihil earum rerum, none of these things. 



162 



Elements of Latin 



their javelins, and are defending themselves bravely. 
8. I shall do this easily and quickly. 9. Let us throw 
the captives into chains. 10. Our men retreated to the 
shore. 

213. READING LESSON — THE PIPER'S SLAVE, II 

Convivae epulas cupide exspectant ; mox splendide 
cenabunt. Interea saltant et dominus Caroll fistula can- 
tat. At puer avidls oculis mensam lustrat et porculum 
videt. Raptim dextra praedam tenet et frustra fugam 
tentat. Nam Clodius fugitivum occupat; praedam re- 
cuperat ; baculo tergum mall servi verberat. Inde Carolus 
maestus et ieiunus mall factl poenas dat. 




Fossa et Valli 



LESSON XXXVI 

DEPONENT VERBS 

214. i. Deponent verbs are verbs that have passive forms 
and active meanings. They have, however, the following active 
forms : 

a. The future infinitive (in place of the passive). 

b. The present and future participles. 

c. The gerund and supine. 

2. The meanings are regularly active, except the gerundive, 
which is always passive. 

3. Deponent verbs of all conjugations are conjugated as 
regular passive verbs with the exception of the active forms 
noted above. The conjugation to which a verb belongs may be 
told by the ending of the present infinitive, thus : 

Conjugation I -ari 

Conjugation II -eri 

Conjugation III -1 

Conjugation IV -in 

4. Below is given a synopsis of vereor (second conjugation) ; 
and of sequor (third conjugation). These verbs will serve as 
models for the conjugation of any deponent verb. Observe 
carefully the differences between a deponent verb as noted above 
and an ordinary passive verb, and give orally the complete 
forms for each tense where only the synopsis is given. 

163 



164 



Elements of Latin 



Prin. Parts : vereor, vereri, veritus sum 



Stems : 1 


Pres. 


vere- 




Sup. 


verit- 




Tenses 


Indie. 


Subj. 


Imper. 


Infin. 


Part. 


Gerund(ive) 


Pres. 


vereor 


verear 


verere 2 


vereri 


verens 


verendT 3 


Imp. 


verebar 


vererer 








verendus 4 


Fut. 


verebor 




veretor 2 


veriturus 
esse 


veriturus 


(Supine) 
veritum 


Perf. 


veritus 
sum 


veritus 
sim 




veritus 
esse 


veritus 




Plup. 


veritus 
eram 


veritus 
essem 










Fut. P. 


veritus 
ero 













Prin. Parts : sequor, sequT, secutus sum 



Stems : 1 


Pres. 


seque- 




Sup. 


secut- 




Tenses 


Indie. 


Subj. 


Imper. 


Infin. 


Part. 


Gerund (ive) 


Pres. 


sequor 


sequar 


sequere 2 


sequT 


sequens 


sequendi 3 


Imp. 


sequebar 


sequerer 








sequendus 4 


Fut. 


sequar 




sequitor ' 2 


secuturus 
esse 


secuturus 


(Supine) 
secutum 


Perf. 


secutus 
sum 


secutus 
sim 




secutus 
esse 


secutus 




Plup. 


secutus 
eram 


secutus 
essem 










Fut. P. 


secutus 
ero 













1 Deponents, like regular passives, use no perfect stem. 2 Second person. 
3 Gerund. 4 Gerundive. 



215. 



EXERCISE 



Determine the conjugation and stems of the verbs in the 
vocabulary, and write synopses of two of different conjugations. 



Deponent Verbs 



165 



216. 



ABLATIVE WITH DEPONENTS 



Rule : The deponents utor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor 

govern the ablative. 

Scutf suo utitur, he uses his shield. 

1. Note that the English equivalents of these verbs are trans- 
itive verbs, and govern a direct object. 



217. 



VOCABULARY 



conor, ari, atus sum, try, attempt. 

egredior, gredi, gressus sum, 
march out, go out. 

expello, ere, pull, pulsus, drive 
out, expel. 

hortor, ari, atus sum, urge, en- 
courage. 

lapis, lapidis, m., stone. 

motus, us, m., revolt. 

paulum, a little (adv.). 

218. 



potior, iri, itus sum, get posses- 
sion of, obtain. 

proficiscor, i, fectus sum, set out, 
depart. 

sequor, i, seciitus sum, follow ; 
pursue. 

utor, i, iisus sum, use, employ. 

vereor, eri, itus sum, fear, be 
afraid of. 



I. 


Conaberis. 


2. 


Potiri. 


3- 


Verebamur. 


4- 


Utiminl. 


5- 


Proficiscetur 


6. 


Usurus esse. 


7- 


Seciitus. 


8. 


Sequendo. 



1. He got possession of. 

2. To have attempted. 

3. Let us pursue. 



I 

9- 

10. 


Egredientur. 
Hortans. 


11. 


Hortati essent. 


12. 


Secutum. 


13- 


Vereamur. 


14. 


Conabimini. 


i5- 


Usus esse. 


16. 


Egrederemur. 


II 
4- 


You will follow. 


5- 


To set out. 


6. 


Of fearing. 



i66 



Elements of Latin 



7- 


Having urged. 


12. 


8. 


About to encourage. 


J 3- 


9- 


We shall try. 


14. 


IO. 


They would have gone out. 


*5- 


ii. 


I should have used. 


16. 



To be about to depart. 
To have obtained. 
You may set out. 
By pursuing. 
You had used. 



Ill 

1. Hostes castris nostris potiri iam conati erant. 
2. Egrediamur ex arce et nos dedamus. 3. Nostri In- 
sidias verebantur atque dux eos hortari conabatur. 4. Ger- 
mani equis parvis utuntur. 5. Omnes milites nostri 
magnitudinem silvarum verebantur. 6. Hostes e castris 
suis, quae ad ripam RhenI sunt, egredientur. 7. Hanc 
ob causam in fines nostros proficiscamur ! 8. Elsdem 
condicionibus utemur. 9. Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, 
provincia nostra potiri sperabat. 10. Exploratores se 
recipere conabantur sed altitudo fluminis eos prohibebat. 

11. Incolae huius regionis e finibus sins expulsi erant. 

12. Litora huius fluminis explorare suscepissem. 13. Dif- 
ficultates hiiius negoti celeriter senties. 14. Ubi e 
provincia tua discessisti, officium tuum deseruistl. 15. Lit- 
terae amici mei me magnopere hortantur. 

IV 

1. Set out from the village and we will follow you. 
2. Let this plan be adopted. 3. The embassy did not 
accomplish even this. 1 4. Your allies are beginning to 
make a revolt. 5. The soldiers marched out a little from 
the redoubt. 6. Hope of great rewards encourages the 
citizens of that village. 7. All the inhabitants of the 



accomplished not this even. 



Deponent Verbs 



167 



town were throwing stones from the wall. 8. The grain 
which we were using has not been carried into camp. 
9. Let that man who is following us be thrown into 
chains ! 10. I shall try to set out at once. 

219. READING LESSON — EARLY ITALY — AENEAS 1 

Antiquissimis temporibus 2 Saturnus in Italiam venit. 
Ibi haud procul a Ianiculo arcem condidit. Haec urbs 
erat Saturnia. In hoc loco Itali agri culturam cognoverunt. 

Postea Latlnus in illls regionibus imperavit. Sub h5c 
rege, Troia, urbs Asiae, eversa est. Hinc Aeneas, 3 cum 
multls Troianls in Italiam venit. 

1 In this and the following reading lessons, a brief account is given of legendary 
Rome. The notes following each selection will give such assistance as the pupil 
may require. New words will be found in the general vocabulary. 

2 Ablative ; in. 

3 First declension, nominative, ending in -as, from the Greek. 




LUPA 



LESSON XXXVII 
SYNTAX: THE GENITIVE CASE 

220. SYNTAX: MEANINGS 

i. In studying the syntax, or grammatical use of the differ- 
ent cases and moods, it will be found that the meanings of the 
forms differ in some instances from the meanings learned in the 
paradigms. The usual meaning of the genitive case is of but 
it is sometimes better translated by for. Such variations are 
shown in the translations of examples. 

2. In translating the Latin exercises the pupil should classify 
the different constructions of syntax according to the rules given 
in the lessons. 

221. THE GENITIVE OF POSSESSION 

Rule : The genitive is used to denote the person or thing to 
which an object, action, or feeling belongs. 

Hortus regis, the king 's garden {the garden of the king). 
Imperium populi Roman!, the rule of the Roman people. 
Oratio Caesaris, Caesar's speech. 

222. PREDICATE GENITIVE OF POSSESSION 

Rule: The genitive of possession is often used to complete the 
predicate of a sentence, particularly with the verb sum. 

Hortus est regis, the garden is the king's. 

223. THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE (GENITIVE OF 

THE WHOLE) 

Rule : The genitive is used to denote the whole of which a part 

is taken. 

Pars equitum, paj't of the hoi'semen. 

1 68 



Syntax: The Genitive Case 169 

a. This genitive is very common with neuter pronouns and 
adjectives, such as quid, quantum, etc., and with nihil and milia. 

Quid consili, what plan ? (literally, what of a plan ?) 

Quantum pecuniae, how much (of) money? 

Erat nihil reliqui, there was nothing left (literally, nothing of a 
remainder). 

Duo milia passuum, two thousand(s of) paces ; two miles. 

224. VOCABULARY 

agger, aggeris, m., rampart, em- passus, us, m., pace (about 

bankment, dike. five feet). 

aquila, ae, f., eagle; standard pecunia, ae, f., money. 

(an eagle on a staff was the pendo, ere, pependi, pensus, pay. 

standard of the Roman quantus, a, um, how much ? 

legion). relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus, leave, 

beneficium, i, n., kindness, favor. leave behind, abandon. 

cognosco, ere, novi, nitus, ascer- repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus, 

tain, learn, find out. drive back, repulse. 

concursus, us, m., running to- satis, enough (adv. or indeclin- 

gether, charge, attack. able noun). 

mater, matris, f., mother. stipendium, i, n., tribute, tax. 

225. EXERCISES' 

I 
1. Unus pagus Helvetiorum satis stipend! n5n pendit. 
2. Hostes concursu militum nostrorum repulsi sunt atque 
omnes in partes se receperunt. 3. Haec pecunia est 
matris tuae. 4. Quantum frumenti exploratores reppere- 
runt ? 5. German! ad aggerem castr5rum lapides telaque 
iaciebarit. 6. Tria milia captivorum in catenas a. Caesare 
coniecta sunt. 7. Consiliane amic5rum vestrorum cog- 
novistis ? 8. Nihil mall veremini atque fortunam meli- 



170 Elements of Latin 

orem sperate ! 9. Quantum impedlmentorum est decimae 
legionis? 10. In amicitia harum nationum remaneamus ! 
II. Benefici5 civium meorum iitar. 12. In litore maris 
naves onerarias relinquamus. 13. Hi fines sunt Helveti- 
orum. 14. Legati5 Gallorum pacem facere coacta esset. 
15. Legati unius gentis nihil earum rerum fecerunt. 

II 

1. Those roses are the little girl's. 2. The leader does 
not await the aid of even 1 his allies. 3. Two thousand 
horsemen are in the village. 4. What plan have you? 

5. We have accomplished nothing good 2 by this siege. 

6. Let us adopt the plan of Diviciacus and undertake the 
task. 7. Let no one of you 3 reply ! 8. Six thousand 
of the enemy were easily conquered. 9. Those ships are 
the enemy's. 10. How much tribute shall we be com- 
pelled to pay ? 

226. READING LESSON — AENEAS; ASCANIUS 

Ibi Latinus rex eum benigne recepit, atque el filiam 
Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. Aeneas urbem condidit, 
quae in honorem coniugis appellata est Lavlnium. 

Post Aeneae mortem Ascanius, Aeneae filius, regnum 
accepit. Hie sedem regni in alium locum movit, urbem- 
que condidit in monte Alban5, eamque 4 Albam Longam 4 
nuncupavit. 4 

1 See 212, III, 7, footnote. What is the emphatic word ? 2 Cf. I, 8. 

3 Vestrum. The genitive plural of ego and tu ending in -um is used as a parti- 
tive genitive ; the form in -I is used as an objective genitive (see 228). 

4 and called it Alba Longa. 



LESSON XXXVIII 
THE GENITIVE CASE (Continued) 

227. THE GENITIVE OP QUALITY 

Rule : The genitive of a noun, when modified by an adjective, 
is used to express quality. 

Vir summae virtutis, a man of the greatest valor. 

a. With a numeral adjective the genitive of quality expresses 
measure. 

Murus decern pedum, a wall of ten feet (in height). 

228. THE OBJECTIVE GENITIVE 

Rule : The genitive is used to express the object of an action or 
feeling, implied or expressed. 

Timor Caesaris, fear of Caesar (the fear felt by some one 
toward Caesar). 

Memoria harum rerum, the memory of these things. 

229. THE GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES 

Rule : Adjectives denoting desire, knowledge, memory, fulness, 
power, sharing, guilt, and their opposites govern the genitive. 

Cupidus regni, desirous of the throne. 
Imperitus iuris, inexperienced in law. 

230. THE GENITIVE WITH CAUSA AND GRATIA 

Rule : The ablatives causa and gratia, meaning " for the sake 
of," govern the genitive. The genitive precedes the ablative. 

Honoris causa, for the sake of honor. 
171 



172 Elements of Latin 

231. VOCABULARY 

alacer, alacris, alacre, eager. imperitus, a, um, inexperienced, 
animus, 1, m., mind, heart, ignorant. 

courage. Insignis, Insigne, prominent, re- 
causa, ab\.,for the sake of. markable, unusual. 

commutatio, commutationis, f., lacus, 1 us, m., lake. 

change. peritus, a, um, experienced, 
contumelia, ae, f., insult. skilled, having knowledge of. 

deinde, then, thereupon (adv.). pes, pedis, m., foot. 

gratia, ab\.,for the sake of tisus, us, m., experience ; advan- 
honor, honoris, m., honor. tage, use. 

232. EXERCISES 

I 

1. Cives hac fortunae commutatione magnopere motl 
sunt. 2. Mons est mille passuum in altitudinem. 3. Co- 
piae ex ea regione egredi conatae sunt, sed collibus magnae 
altitudinis impedltae sunt. 4. Hie dux rel militaris peri- 
tissimus habebatur. 5. Memoria harum contumeliarum 
nos perturbat. 6. Beneficia huius modi laudare debemus. 
7. Hostes, cupidi victoriae, aquila nostra potiri fortiter c5- 
nabantur. 8. Pacis gratia vobis satis stipend! pendemus. 
9. Haec res non minus ex usu 2 Galliae quam populi R5- 
mani erat. 10. Multi viri pecuniae cupidi sunt. 11. De- 
inde milites, hostes paulum secuti, in vicum se receperunt, 
atque eum muro maximae altitudinis muniverunt. 12. Pa- 
triae honorisque causa hoc negotium Insigne suscipiemus. 
13. Mulier maximl animl erat mater vestra. 14. Nullam 
nostrl 3 memoriam habet. 

1 Dat. and abl. plural, lacubus. 2 Ex usu, of advantage , to the advantage {of). 

3 See 225, II, 7, footnote. 



Syntax: The Genitive Case 



173 



11 

1. We have long feared a revolt of this kind. 2. Near 
the lake was a wall ten feet in height. 1 3. These tribes 
were ignorant of war and were easily driven out from 2 
their territory. 4. The hope of victory encouraged the 
eager soldiers. 5. We shall learn the cause of this diffi- 
culty. 6. Those soldiers who had set out for the sake 
of grain were left behind by the others. 7. The embank- 
ment of the camp is seven feet in height. 8. Dumnorix, 
brother of Diviciacus, was desirous of power. 9. Divici- 
acus was a man of the highest 3 honor. 10. You have 
made a great change of affairs. 



233. 



READING LESSON — THE ALBAN KINGS 



Eum secutus est Silvius qui post Aeneae mortem geni- 
tus erat. Eius 4 posterl omnes usque ad Romam conditam 5 
regnaverunt. 

Silvius Proca, rex 6 Albanorum, duos filios reliquit, Nu- 
mitorem 6 et Amulium. Unus ex his, Amulius, fratri suo 
Numitorl paterna bona dedit et ipse regnum obtinuit. 

1 Cf. I, 2. 2 Use no preposition. 3 summus, a, um. 4 221. 

5 ad Romam conditam, to Rome founded, i.e. until the founding of Rome. Con- 
ditam is the perfect participle. 6 17, 2. 




Circus Romanus 



LESSON XXXIX 

REVIEW OF THE GENITIVE; THE VERB POSSUM 

234. EXERCISES 

i. Review carefully the rules and examples of the genitive 
case. 

2. Review vocabularies, 224, 231. 

3. Review the conjugation of sum, 132, 136. 

235. THE IRREGULAR VERB, POSSUM 

The verb possum, be able, can, and a few other verbs, given in 
later lessons, are irregular, and belong to no conjugation. 







Principal Parts 






Pres. Indic. 


Pres. Infin. 


Perf. 


Indic. 




possum 


posse 


potui 




Indicative 


Subjunctive 




Singular 


Plural 


Singular 


Plural 


Pres. 


possum 


possumus 


possim 


possimus 




potes 


potestis 


possis 


possitis 




potest 


possunt 


possit 


possint 


Imp. 


poteram 


poteramus 


possem 


possemus 


Fut. 


potero 


poterimus 






Per/. 


potui 


potuimus 


potuerim 


potuerimus 


Plup. 


potueram 


potueramus 


potuissem 


potuissemus 


Fut. P. 


potuero 


potuerimus 

Infinitive 








Pres, 


posse 


Perf. potuisse 






Participle 








Pres. 


potens (adjective) , powerful. 








i74 







Review of the Genitive 



175 



236. 



NOTES ON CONJUGATION 



This verb is a compound of pot- (for potis, able) and sum, and 
is mostly like sum. Note, however, the following changes : 

1. The letter t becomes s before s ; as, possum for potsum. 

2. The perfect tenses drop f, having potui for potfui. 

3. The imperfect subjunctive and present infinitive are con- 
tract forms of potessem, potesse. 

4. The verb lacks the imperative, future infinitive, and future 
participle. 



237. 



VOCABULARY 



absum, 1 esse, afui, afutiirus, be 

absent, distant. 
adsum, esse, fui, futurus, be 

present. 
ascendo, ere, scendi, scensus, 

ascend. 
fluo, ere, fluxi, fluxus, flow. 
Labienus, 1, m., Labienus, a 

lieutenant of Caesar, 
opera, ae, f., assistance, aid. 
opinio, opinionis, f., opinion, 

reputation. 



opportunus, a, um,flt, suitable. 
oppugnatio, oppugnationis, f., 

assault. 
plerique, aeque, aque, most, 

most people, most things. 
possum, posse, potui, be able, 

can. 
retineo, ere, ui, tentus, retain; 

maintain. 
verbum, I, n., word. 
vox, vocis, f., voice. 



238. 

1. Potero. 

2. Potuerint. 

3. Potuisse. 

4. Potuissem. 

5. Poterunt. 



EXERCISES 

I 

6. Afuissent. 

7. Afuerint. 

8. Aderas. 

9. Adesse. 
to. Posse. 

1 This verb has a present participle absens, absent. 



176 



Elements of Latin 



II. 


Potuero. 


16. 


Afuturus. 


12. 


Potueras. 


17- 


Adfuistl. 


I 3- 


Possem. 


18. 


Abero. 


14. 


Potuerunt. 


19. 


Aderam. 


15; 


Possim. 


20. 


Afuisse. 


I. 


Powerful. 


II 
11. 


You are absent. 


2. 


You would be able. 


12. 


Absent. 


3- 


You would have been able. 


1 3- 


About to be absent. 


4- 


He may be able. 


14. 


You may be present 


5- 


I had been able. 


iS- 


He would be absent 


6. 


We may be able. 


16. 


To be able. 


7- 


Let us be able. 


i7- 


I should be able. 


8. 


He will be present. 


18. 


You will be able. 


9- 


To have been present. 


19. 


To have been able. 


10. 


Be thou present. 


20. 


May he be able ! 



Ill 

1. Summum iugum montis Labienus ascendere n5n po- 
tuisset. 2. Tempus oppugnationi 1 arcis opportunissi- 
mum fuit. 3. Patriae causa hoc facere potero. 4. A 
ripis RhenI longe absumus. 5. Propter hanc fortunae 
commutationem oranes sunt miserl. 6. Haec pecora sunt 
Marcl, agricolae. 7. Murus a quo barbarus desiluit erat 
magnae altitudinis. 8. Quid consill capere 2 poterimus ? 
9. Unum verbum consill satis est. 10. Hi viri sunt im- 
peritl belli, sed alacres. 11. Plerlque memoriam harum 
contumeliarum retinuissent. 12. Deinde hostes superati 
se dediderunt. 13. El barbari rel militaris periti sunt 
atque magnam opinionem virtutis habent. 



1 Dative ; for. 



adopt. 



Review of the Genitive 



177 



IV 
1. Many of you were present. 2. Will you not be 
able to accomplish this for my sake? 1 3. The voice of 
the commander summons us to the camp. 4. We were 
not able to foresee this unusual calamity. 5. A river 
nine feet deep 2 flows into this lake. 6. ' Let us maintain 
the honor of our state. 7. Part of the soldiers were 
present when we chose the leader. 8. We have been 
able to fortify this place with a rampart ten feet high. 
9. A disaster of that kind cannot disturb us. 10. You 
have not sufficient experience. 

1 For my sake = for the sake of me. 2 Nine feet deep = of nine feet in depth. 




NA.VIS Bellica 



LESSON XL 
THE DATIVE CASE 

239. THE SIMPLE INDIRECT OBJECT 

Rule : The dative of the indirect object is used with transitive 
verbs, in connection with the direct object, to denote the person to 
whom something is given, said, or done. 

Librum puero dat, he gives a book to the boy. 

240. INDIRECT OBJECT WITH SPECIAL VERBS 

Some verbs, which in English are transitive and govern a 
direct object, in Latin are intransitive, and govern the dative of 
the indirect object. 

Rule : Many verbs meaning to favor, help, please, trust, and 
their opposites ; also to believe, persuade, com?nand, obey, serve, re- 
sist, envy, threaten, pardon, and spare, govern the dative of the 

indirect object. 

Mihi confidit, he trusts (to) me. 

Tibi persuasi, I persuaded you. 

241. INDIRECT OBJECT WITH COMPOUNDS 

Rule : Many verbs compounded with the prepositions ad, ante, 
con, in, inter, ob, post, prae ; pro, sub, super, and sometimes circum, 
govern the dative of the indirect object. 

Hostibus appropinquamus, we are approaching the enemy. 

i. Some of these verbs are transitive, and govern a direct 
object, along with the indirect. 

Legioni legatum praefecit, he placed the lieutenant in command 
of the legion. 

178 




The Dative Case 179 

242. THE DATIVE OF PURPOSE 

Rule : The dative may be used to denote the purpose of an ac- 
tion, or that for which a thing serves. 

Equites subsidio mittit, he sends the cavah-y as (literally,/^/-) 
an aid. 

Note : With this dative there often occurs another dative of 
the person affected. 

Equites nobis subsidio mittit, he sends the cavalry as an aid to us. 

Hoc nobis magno usui est, this is of (literally, for) great use 
to us. 

243. VOCABULARY 

confido, ere, fisus sum, trust ordo, ordinis, m., rank, line, 

(semi-deponent v ). order. 

etiam, also, even (conj.). persuadeo, ere, suasi, suasus, 

faveo, ere, favi, fauturus, favor, persuade. 

be favorable to. praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, place 

noceo, ere, nocui, nociturus, in command. 

harm, injure. praesum, esse, fui, be in com- 

novus, a, urn, new ; superlative, itiand, in charge. 

novissimus, last, rear; hence, resists, ere, restiti, resist. 

novissimum agmen, rear studeo, ere, ui, be eager for, 

guard. desire, favor. 

novae res, change of affairs, supersum, esse, fui, futurus, 

revolution. survive, remain. 

244. EXERCISES 

I 

1. Imperator e vlco profectus est et incolis Labienum 
praefecit. 2. Equites impetul hostium resistere n5n po- 
tuissent. 3. Galba, fortis centurio, ordini primo praeerat. 
4. Sociis nostris operam demus ! 5. Obsides retinebimus 

1 This verb is deponent in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses only. 



180 Elements of Latin 

et ill! nobis praesidio erunt. 6. Collem ascendamus at- 

que castello appropinquemus ! 7. Locum proelio dele- 

gimus atque hostes statim circumvenimus. 8. Plerique 

huic calamitati non superf uissent. 9. Dumnorix hostibus 

nostris favit et novis rebus studuit. 10 Amicls nostris, 

quos amamus, confidere poterimus. 1 1 . Hae copiae etiam 

novissimo agmirri erunt praesidio. 12. Hostes mulieribus 

llberisque non nocuerunt. 13. Civibus meis persuadere 

non potui. 14. Opinio virtutis sociorum nostrorum nobis 

magno usul est. 

II 

I. The barbarians are approaching the camp and the 
commander is not present. 2. The river flows very 
swiftly and its speed is of 1 great hindrance to ships. 
3. To whom have you reported the words which you 
heard ? 4. On account of our old friendship I will trust 
you. 5. How much grain will you give to each man? 
6. I place Marcus in command of the cohort. 7. I at- 
tempted to persuade my friends, but they do not favor the 
plan. 8. I have reported the cause of this difficulty to 
your leader. 9. The leader was absent and was of 1 no 
assistance to us. 10. A good man is in charge of this task. 

245. READING LESSON — THE CRIME OF AMULIUS 

Amulius regnum flrmissime possidere cuplvit et Numi- 
toris 2 fllium igitur per Insidias interemit et filiam fratris, 
Rheam Silviam, Vestalem virginem fecit. 3 Nam hae 
Vestae sacerdotes nubere non poterant. Sed haec a 
Marte geminSs fllios, Romulum et Remum, peperit. Hoc 
ubi Amulius comperit, matrem in vincula coniecit, pueros 
autem in Tiberim abiecit. 

1 Not the genitive. 2 221. z ... he made a Vestal virgin. 



LESSON XLI 

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS ; THE DATIVE 

(Continued) 

246. THE ACTIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION 

The first, or active periphrastic * conjugation is composed of 
the future active participle and various forms of the verb sum. 
It has the meaning about to, going to, intend to ; as, 

Amaturus est, he is about to love, he intends to love. 

A synopsis of the complete conjugation is as follows : 

Indicative 

Pres. amaturus (-a, -um) sum, I am about to love. 

Imp. amaturus eram, I was about to love. 

Fut. amaturus ero, I shall be about to love. 

Per/. amaturus fui, / have been (was) about to love. 

Plup. amaturus fueram, / had been about to love. ' 

Fut. P. amaturus fuero, I shall have been about to love. 

Subjunctive 

Pres. • amaturus sim, may I be about to love. 

Imp. amaturus essem, I should be about to love. 

Per/. amaturus f uerim, / may have been about to love. 

Plup. amaturus fuissem, I should have been about to love. 

Infinitive 

Pres. ■ amaturus esse, to be about to love. 

Per/. amaturus fuisse, to have been about to love. 

1 The word periphrastic means roundabout ; hence a periphrastic expression is 
a roundabout way of saying a thing. 

181 



1 82 Elements of Latin 

247. THE PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION 

The second, or passive, periphrastic conjugation is composed 
of the gerundive and various forms of the verb sum. It ex- 
presses the idea of necessity ; as, 

Monendus est, he is to be advised, he ?nust be advised (literally, ' 
he is deserving to be advised). 

A synopsis of the complete conjugation is as follows : 

Indicative 
Pres. monendus (-a, -um) sum, / am to be advised, must be 

advised. 
Imp. monendus eram, I was to be advised. 
Fut. monendus ero, / shall deserve to be advised. 
Per/. monendus f ui, / was to be advised. 
Plup. monendus fueram, I had deserved to be advised. 
Fut. P. monendus fuero, I shall have deserved to be advised. 

Subjunctive 
Pres. monendus sim, may I deserve to be advised. 
Imp. monendus essem, I should deserve to be advised. 
Per/. monendus fuerim, / may have deserved to be advised. 
Plup. monendus f uissem, / should have deserved to be advised. 

Infinitive 
Pres. monendus esse, to deserve to be advised. 
Per/. monendus fuisse, to have deserved to be advised. 

248. THE DATIVE OF AGENCY 

Rule : With the passive periphrastic, the agent is expressed by 
the dative. 

Mihi pugnandum est, / must fight (literally, it must be fought 
by me, it is for me to fight). 

i. The literal translation of this construction is so awkward, 
that it is usually better to turn the whole expression into the 
active in English. 



Periphrastic Conjugations; The Dative 183 



249. 



THE DATIVE OF POSSESSION 



Rule : With the verb sum, the dative is used to denote the pos- 
sessor, the thing possessed being the subject. 

Agricolae est servus, the farmer has a slave (literally, to the 
farmer is a slave). 



250. 



THE DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES 



Rule : Adjectives meaning fit, near, like, frie?idly, equal, pleas- 
ing, and the like, ivith their opposites, govern the dative. 

Germanis proximi sunt, they are nearest to the Germans. 
Hie collis castello idoneus est, this hill is suitable for a fort. 



251. 



VOCABULARY 



aestus, us, m., tide. 

amitto, ere, misi, missus, lose; 

let go. 
aptus, a, um, fit, suitable, 

adapted. 
conventus, us, m., meeting, as- 



par, par, gen. paris, equal, a 

match for. 
pono, ere, posul, positus, put, 

place, establish. 
praesertim, especially (adv.). 
praeter, prep. gov. ace, besides -, 

except. 



sembly. 

navigo, are, avi, atus, sail, navi- quod, because (conj.). 

gate. revoco, are, avi, atus, recall. 

Oceanus, 1, m., the ocean fAtlan- solum, 1, n., soil, ground. 



tic). 

252. 

Missurus est. 
Laudanda est. 
Visuri fuimus. 
Muniturus esse. 
Facturus fuisset. 



trado, ere, tradidi, traditus, de- 
liver, give up, hand over. 



EXERCISES 
I 



7 
8 

9 
10 



Resistendum est. 
Ducendl erant. 
Acturus fuerat. 
Dedituri sumus. 
Capiendum erat. 



184. Elements of Latin 

11 

1. I was about to deliver. 6. She must be advised. 

2. It must be delivered. 7. I am about to establish. 

3. They must be called. 8. To deserve to be loved. 

4. We had been about to sur- 9. You were about to advise. 

render. 10. They have been about to 

5. You were about to sail. hand over. 

Ill 
1. Caesarl signum tuba dandum erat. 2. Barbari 
etiam his sociis popull R5manl amlci sunt. 3. Nonne 
hos captlvos amissurl estis ? 4. Obsides hostibus tra- 
dendi sunt. 5. Haeduis praeter solum agri erat nihil 
reliqul. 6. Marco sunt duae filiae. 7. Milites duel 
revocandl sunt. 8. Hostes collem ascensuri erant, sed 
concursus militum eos repellebat. 9. Hoc oppidum 
praesertim aptum conventui soci5rum nostrorum est. 

10. Trans Oceanum ad Britanniam navigaturi fueramus. 

11. Copias nostras in castra reducturi sumus, quod is 
locus proelio non aptus est. 12. Hostes exercitui nostro 
pares paene esse potuerunt. 13. Ad h5c flumen 
Caesar castellum positurus fuit. 14. Aestus Ocean! 
navibus nostris apt! non sunt. 15. Huic agricolae sunt 
agrl feraces. 16. Nobis in vicum conveniendum fuit. 

IV 

I. I am about to persuade that man. 2. A good man 
has many friends. 1 3. These buildings must not be 
burned by the barbarians. 4. These nations dwell in 
hither Gaul, and are very near (to) the province. 5. All 
things were to be done by Caesar immediately. 6. This 
harbor is adapted to our ships. 7. This tribe has vil- 

1 What is the exact English equivalent of the Latin ? 



Periphrastic Conjugations; The Dative 185 

lages on each bank 1 of the Rhine. 2 8. The leader must 
station the line of battle. 2 9. The cavalry are about to 
follow the enemy. 10. You must accomplish this task 
quickly, because it is not difficult. 2 



253. READING LESSON 



RESCUE OF ROMULUS AND 

REMUS 



Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam se effuderat et, quod 3 
pueri in vado erant positi, aqua refluens 4 eos in sicco re- 
Hquit. Ad eorum vagltum lupa accurrit, eosque uberibus 
suis aluit. Quod 5 videns Faustulus quidam, pastor illius 
regionis, pueros sustulit, 6 et uxorl 7 suae dedit. 

1 On each bank, ad utramque ripam. 

2 What is the exact English equivalent of the Latin ? 

3 Not the relative, but the conjunction; because. 

4 Present participle. 

5 This. A relative standing first in the sentence often has the force of a demon- 
strative in English. 6 From tollo. 7 239. 




Vexiliajm 






LESSON XLII 

THE ACCUSATIVE CASE 

254. DIRECT OBJECT AND PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE 

The accusative, as has been learned, is the case of the direct 
object. After certain verbs, there is often found a second accu- 
sative, referring to the same person or thing as the direct object, 
but not in apposition to it. This second accusative is known 
as the predicate accusative. It may be either a noun or an 
adjective. 

Rule : Verbs of making, choosing, calling, naming, and the 
like may take a predicate accusative, along with the dii'ect object. 

Caesarem consulem creant, they elect Caesar consul. 

Eum certiorem faciunt, they inform him (literally, they make 
him more certain). 

i. This construction may be changed to the passive voice ; 
in that case, the object becomes the subject, and the predicate accu- 
sative becomes a predicate nominative . 

Caesar consul creatur, Caesar is elected consul. 

255. THE ACCUSATIVE OF TIME AND SPACE 

Rule : The accusative is used to express duration of time and 
extent of space. 

Tres dies moratur, he delays three days. 

Decern milia passuum secuti sunt, they followed ten miles (liter- 
ally, ten thousands of paces). 

256. SUBJECT OF THE INFINITIVE 

Rule : The subject of the infinitive is in the accusative case. 

Legatos discedere iubet, he orde?-s the envoys to depart. 

1 86 



The Accusative Case 



187 



257. 




annus, 1, m., year. 
appello, are, avi, atus, call, name. 
certus, a, um, certain, sure. 
constituo, ere, ui, iitus, resolve, 

decide. 
creo, are, avi, atus, elect, choose. 
Genava, ae, f., Geneva. 
hora, ae, f., hour. 
iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus, order, 



258. 



VOCABULARY 

command. 
maneo, ere, mansi, manstirus, 



stay, remain. 
mensis, mensis, m., month. 
moror, ari, atus sum, delay, 

linger. 
teneo, ere, ui, tentus, hold, 

keep. 
veto, are, vetui, vetitus, forbid. 



EXERCISES 
I 

I. Imperator iussit mllites e castris egredi. 2. In 
Britannia tres mensis manere constituimus. 3. Verba 
principis barbaros ad proelium alacres faciunt. 4. Hel- 
vetia hoc oppidum Genavam appellaverunt. 5. Hoc oppi- 
dum ab Helvetiis Genava appellatum est. 6. Hoc 
fliimen per Galliam centum mllia passuum fluit. 7. Im- 
perator mllites oppugnationem facere vetuit. 8. Quern 
populus Romanus consulem creabit? 9. Fortiina mala 
nos in vico multas horas morarl coegit. 10. Marcus e 
provincia revocabitur, atque consul creabitur. 1 1. La- 
bienus Caesarem certiorem de his rebus fecit. 12. Cas- 
tellum quattuor horas tenuimus, sed hostes nos discedere 
coegerunt. 13. Caesar in Gallia paene decern ann5s 
manebat. 14. Nonne eos certiores de hoc negoti5 faci- 
etis? 15. Haec fossa fuit lata decern pedes. 

II 
1. The senate ordered the commander to retain the 
hostages. 2. I have awaited you two hours. 3. I shall 



i88 



Elements of Latin 



inform you concerning those tribes of barbarians. 4. The 
soldiers will choose Galba (as) commander. 5. The camp 
of the enemy was distant two miles. 6. Who will be 
elected consul by the Roman people P 1 7. Caesar ordered 
the cavalry to sail to Britain. 8. Is not this boy named 
Marcus ? 9. This rampart is six feet high. 2 10. The 
envoys are present and will remain a few days. 

259. READING LESSON — THE FOUNDING OF ROME 

Sic Romulus et Remus pueritiam inter pastores transe- 
gerunt. Ubi adoleverunt et forte de avo suo et de matre 
compererunt, Amulium interfecerunt et Numitorl 3 avo 
regnum restituerunt. Turn urbem condiderunt in monte 
Aventino, quam 4 Romulus a suo nomine Romam 4 vocavit. 
Haec ubi moenibus circumdata est, Remus occisus est quod, 
fratrem irridens, 5 moenia transiluit. 

1 Cf. I, 8. 2 cf. 1, 15. § 239. 4 254. 
5 Present participle, modifying Remus. 




Scorpio 



LESSON XLIII 
REVIEW OF THE DATIVE AND ACCUSATIVE; FIO 

260. EXERCISE 

i. Review the rules and examples of the dative and accusa- 
tive cases in the last three lessons. 

2. Review the periphrastic conjugations, 246, 247. 



261. 



CONJUGATION OF FIO 
FlO, be made, be done, happen, occur 

Principal Parts 





Pres. Indic. 


Pres. Infin. 


Perf. Indic. 




fio 




fieri 


factus sum 




Indicative 


Subjunctive 


Imperative 




Singular 


Plural 




Singular Plural 


Pres. 


fio 
fls 
fit 




flam 


fi fite 






fiunt 






Imp. 


flebam 


i 


fierem 




Fut. 


flam, fles, etc. 






Perf. 


factus 


sum 


factus sim 




Plup. 


factus 


eram 


factus esse m 


Fut. . 


P. factus 


ero 








Infinitive 


Participles 




Pres. 


fieri 


Ger. 


faciendus 




Perf. 


factus esse 


Perf. 


factus 




Fut. 


factum In 







189 



190 Elements of Latin 

262. NOTES ON CONJUGATION 

i„ Flo supplies the passive of facio, which has no regular 
passive. 

2. Note that the first three tenses, except the infinitive, are 
active in form. 



263. 



EXERCISES 



1. Observe the active and passive forms of the following ex- 
pression : 

Active : Caesarem certiorem faciunt, they inform Caesar (liter- 
ally, make Caesar more certain). 

Passive : Caesar certior fit, Caesar is informed (literally, is 
made more certain). 

This change follows the regular rule, 254, 1. Explain it. 

2. Learn the meaning of fio, and review vocabularies, 243, 
251, 257. 






264. 

1. Factum erat. 

2. Fieri. 

3. Fierem. 

4. Faciendus. 

5. Fite. 



1. 

2. 

3- 

4- 

5- 
6. 



It has happened. 
To be about to occur 
Having been done. 
You will be made leader. 
It would have occurred. 
You ought to be made 
leader. 



I 




6. 


Facta essent 


7- 


Fiunt. 


8. 


Flet. 


9- 


Factum sit. 


10. 


Factus esse. 


II 




7- 


It may happe 


8. 


To occur. 



9. It will have been done. 
10. These things have hap- 
pened. 






Review of the Dative and Accusative 191 

in 

1. Tibi multos annos confldere non potui. 2. Solum 
horum agrorum frumento aptum est. 3. Nonne tu dux 
fies ? 4. Populus te consulem creaturus est. 5. Hos- 
tibus hi captivl nobis non tradendl sunt. 6. In Britannia 
paucos mensls moraturl sumus, praesertim quod tempus 
anni est opporfunum. 7. Prlmo ordinl est fortis centurio, 
qui omnibus militibus praeest. 8. Omnes naves praeter 
unam proelio superfuerunt. 9. Hanc ob causam con- 
ventus fiet atque voces omnium audientur. 10. Novls 
rebus studemus, sed incolls non nocebimus. II. Unam 
cohortem tenere montem iussit. 12. His barbaris forti- 
bus ne del quidem pares esse possunt. 13. Locus castrls 
nostrls nobis deligendus est. 14. Incolae huius regionis 
Caesarem certiorem de aestu OceanI facient. 15. Iu- 
beamus milites in illo colle castellum ponere. 

IV 

1. The chief of these tribes was not informed concerning 
this difficulty. 2. This river is six miles away from our 
territory. 3. We have decided to forbid him to remain 
one hour in this village. 4. Most people would have 
attempted to persuade me. 5. You have been made 
leader, and we shall place you in command of the whole 
army. 6. These conditions are adapted to our customs. 
7. The Roman people call all the inhabitants of this region 
Gauls. 8. This opportunity we must 1 not lose. 9. On 
account of their loyalty we intend 2 to give rewards to these 
allies. 10. All men have good friends. 11. These 
auxiliaries will be of great assistance to us. 

1 Express by the passive periphrastic. 2 Express by the active periphrastic. 



LESSON XLIV 

THE ABLATIVE CASE 

265. THE ABLATIVE OP SEPARATION 

Rule : Words denoting separation, privation, and the like, gov- 
ern the ablative, with or without a preposition. 

Rhenus Galliam a Germania dividit, the Rhine divides Gaul from 
Germany. 

Eos commeatu prohibuit, he kept them from supplies. 

266. THE ABLATIVE OF AGENT 

This construction has already been given ; review 158. 

267. THE ABLATIVE OP COMPARISON 

Rule : The ablative is often used with comparatives in the sense 
tf/than. 

Turris altior est muro, the tower is higher than the wall. 

Note : This construction is used only when the first of the things 
compared is in the nominative or accusative. Otherwise the construc- 
tion with quam, than, must be used. Review 77, 2. 

268. THE ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE 

Rule : After comparatives and ivords suggesting comparison, 
the ablative is used to express the amount, or degree, of difference. 

Turris altior centum pedibus est muro, the tower is a hundred 
feet higher (literally, higher by a hundred feet} than the wall. 

Note : Be careful to distinguish this use of the ablative and the abla- 
tive of comparison. 

192 



The Ablative Case 193 

269. VOCABULARY 

aliquot, some, several (indeclin- cut off, shut off. 

able adjective). interficio, ere, feci, fectus, kill. 

ante, before (adv.). maleficium, I, n., mischief, harm. 

defensor, defensoris, va., defender, multo, by much, much (abl. of 
desisto, ere, destiti, cease, stop, multus). 

leave off. nox, noctis, f., night. 

divido, ere, visi, visus, divide, niido, are, avi, atus, make bare, 

separate. strip, leave unprotected. 

expedltus, a, um, easy, practi- Roma, ae, f., Rome. 

cable. tempero, are, avi, atus, refrain, 
intercliido, ere, clusi, clusus, keep from. 

270. EXERCISES 

I 
1. Alterum iter est multd facilius et expeditius. 2. Re 
frumentaria nos intercludere non poterunt. 3. Num Galll 
Germanls f ortiores sunt ? 4. R5ma multo maior est 
Genava. 5. Caesar de his proelils equestribus a Labieno 
certior factus est. 6. Imperatori nostro multa ab expld- 
ratoribus nuntiata sunt. 7. Hoc oppidum milibus pas- 
suum tribus abest. 8. Hoc negotio multo 1 ante destitimus. 
9. Lapides a nostris iaciebantur et murus defensoribus 
celerrime nudatus est. 10. Hi viri ab iniuria et male- 
ficio temperabunt. 1 1. Murus oppidi altior est vallo 
castrorum. 12. Oppidum muro altiori quam hoc vallo 
munire debemus. 13. N5nne hi barbari finibus nostris 
a mllitibus rel publicae prohiberi possunt? 14. Aliquot 
ante mensibus in Britannia fuerat. 15. Flumen Rhenus 
agros Helvetiorum a Germanls dividit. 16. Nonne noc- 
tes longiores sunt diebus ? 

1 Before by much ; i.e. a long while ago. 



194 



Elements of Latin 



ii 

I. Ariovistus, the king of the Germans, had expelled 
many Gauls from their territory. 2. A river longer than 
the Rhine x divides that province from the barbarians. 
3. All the hostages will be killed by the enemy. 4. On 
account of lack of grain peace will be made by the chiefs 
of those tribes. 5. This road is much shorter than that. 1 
6. Several years before these nations had conspired against 
us. 7. We shall cut the scouts off from their camp. 
8. These men are more powerful 2 than the magistrates 1 
themselves. 9. The fields of Italy are more fertile than 
those. 1 10. That disaster occurred many years before. 

271. READING LESSON — THE ROMANS SECURE WIVES 

Romulus civium numerum augere cuplvit et asylum 
igitur patefecit, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsl 3 
accurrerunt. Sed novae urbis civibus 4 coniuges deerant. 
Festum itaque Neptuni et ludos mstituit. Ad hos multi 
ex finitimis populis cum mulieribus et liberis venerunt, et 
turn inter ipsos ludos spectantes 5 virgines Roman! rapue- 
runt. 

1 Translate in two ways. 

2 Are more powerful, plus possunt. 

3 pulsi = perfect participle, modifying multi. 

4 civibus = dative ; see 249. 

6 spectantes = present participle, modifying virgines. 




Roman Writing Materials 




LESSON XLV 
THE ABLATIVE CASE (Continued) 

272. THE ABLATIVE OF CAUSE 

Rule : The ablative is used to express cause. 
Periculi timore discesserunt, they departed because of (from) 
fear of danger. 

273. THE ABLATIVE OF MEANS 

Rule: The ablative is used to express the means or instrument 
of an action. 

Oppidum muro miiniunt, they fortify the town by means of a wall 
(literally, with a ivall). 

274. THE ABLATIVE WITH DEPONENTS 

This construction has already been given ; review 216. 

275. THE ABLATIVE OF MANNER 

Rule : The ablative with cum is used to express the manner of 
an action. Cum may be omitted if the ablative is modified by an 
adjective. 

Cum celeritate venit, he came with speed. 

Magna (cum) celeritate venit, he came with great speed.- 

276. THE ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT 

Rule : The ablative with cum is used to express accompanwient. 
Cum may be omitted in military expressions when the ablative is 
modified by an adjective {except numeral adjectives). 

Cum copiis venit, he came with the troops. 
Omnibus copiis venit, he came with all the tj-oops. 
Cum tribus legionibus, with three legions. 

195 



196 Elements of Latin 

277. VOCABULARY 

afficio, ere, feci, fectus, affect, draw up, arrange; equip, fit 

afflict. out. 

aqua, ae, f., water. iuvo, are, iuvi, iutus, help, aid. 

colloquor, loqul, locutus sum, perterreo, ere, ui, itus, frighten, 

speak with, confer. terrify. 

cupiditas, cupiditatis, f., desire. reverto, ere, vertl, versus, return, 
discessus, us, m., departure. go back. (Usually deponent 

f ugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus, flee. in the present, imperfect, 

induco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead on, and future.) 

influence, induce. supplicium, 1, n., punishment, 
Instruo, ere, struxi, structus, torture. 

278. EXERCISES 

I 
1. Imperator naves suas omnibus rebus Instruet. 
2. Dumnorix, regnl cupiditate inductus, novls rebus 
studuit. 3. Germanl feri R5ma potlri speraverunt. 
4. Multae res pecunia obtinerl possunt. 5. Itinere ex- 
pedito Caesar cum equitatu profectus est. 6. Summa 
difficultate hoc negotium perfeci. 7. Haec summo cum 
studio facta sunt. 8. Obsides magno supplicio affect! 
sunt. 9. Homines unius pagi, timore perterriti, ad Rhe- 
num contenderunt. 10. Hostes discessu legatorum Ro- 
manorum perturbati erant. 1 1. Caesar vetuit has gentes 
frumento hostes iuvare. 12. Aliquot annis ante navibus 
huius modi utebamur. 13. Helvetii repentino eius ad- 
ventu perterrebantur et aciem instruere ndn poterant. 
14. Cum quarta legione Labienus montem ascendit. 

II 
1. Let us confer with our friends concerning this diffi- 
culty. 2. Those captives were influenced by hope of 



The Ablative Case 



197 



safety and fled with l great speed. 3. Because of lack 
of water and supplies, the enemy returned to their (own) 
territory. 4. Let us fortify the camp by means of a 
rampart and a trench. 5. With 1 all the soldiers they 
attacked the town. 6. By the aid of our allies we hope 
to cut off the Helvetians from supplies. 7. The cavalry 
followed the enemy with * great eagerness (during) the 
whole night. 8. We have ceased to use that fleet. 
9. The defenders of the redoubt were conferring with the 
envoys of the Romans. 10. The enemy set out with 1 
no definite 2 order, and many were killed. 



279. 



READING LESSON — THE STORY OF TARPEIA 



Populi ill!, quorum virgines raptae erant, bellum adver- 
sus raptores susceperunt. Virgo, Tarpeia, els 3 viam in 
arcem monstravit, sed munus sibi 4 poposcit. Petiit ab 
eis quod 5 in sinistris manibus gerebant, anulos aureos et 
armillas significans 6 . At hostes, in arcem ab ea 7 per-" 
ducti, 8 scutis 9 Tarpeiam obruerunt ; nam et 10 haec in sinis- 
tris manibus gerebant. 

1 Is cum necessary? 2 certus, a, um. 3 239. 4 sibi = for herself. 

5 quod, relative, object of gerebant = what, 6 Participle, agreeing with the subject. 
7 266. 8 Participle, modifying hostes. 9 273. 10 et = also. 




Arae 



LESSON XLVI 

THE ABLATIVE CASE (Continued) 

280. THE ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION 

Rule : The ablative is used to express in what respect some- 
thing is true. 

Gallos virtute superamus, we surpass the Gauls in {respect to) 
valor. 

281. THE ABLATIVE OF QUALITY 

Rule : The ablative, modified by an adjective, is used to express 
quality. 

Vir summa virtute, a man of the greatest valor. 

Note : Compare this ablative with the genitive of quality, 227. In 
this use, the ablative is more common than the genitive. 

282. THE ABLATIVE OF TIME 

Rule : The ablative is used to express the time at which, or 
within which. 

Nocte proficiscemur, we shall set out at night. 

Tribus annis hostes nostros superabimus, within three years we 
shall overcome our enemies. 

Note : Distinguish carefully the ablative of ti?ne within which, and 
the accusative of duratioti of time. Review 255. 

283. VOCABULARY 

aestas, aestatis, f., summer. Bibrax, Bibractis, f., Bibrax, a 

auctus, a, um, strong, rich. town of the Re mi. 

Bellovaci, orum, m., the Bel- biduum, i, n., two days, two 
lovaci, a Belgian tribe. days' 1 time. 

198 



The Ablative Case 



199 



conficio, ere, feci, fectus, accom- nondum, not yet (adv.). 



plish, finish, complete. 
extremus, a, um, end of, last 

{part of). 
ingens, ingens, gen. ingentis, 

huge, enormous. 
lux, lucis, f., light. 
medius, a, um, middle of middle. 



284. 



plebs, plebis, f., the common peo- 
ple, populace. 

supero, are, avi, atus, surpass, 
excel. 

valeo, ere, 111, iturus, be strong, 
powerful. 



EXERCISES 
I 

I. Helvetii oppida omnia sua numero ad decern incende- 
runt. 2. Dumnorix erat homo magna apud plebem 
auctoritate. 3. Homines amico animo ab iniuria et male- 
ficio temperabunt. 4. BellovacI plurimum 1 inter Belgas 
virtute et auctoritate et hominum numero valent. 1 5. Ex- 
trema aestate Caesar in Morinos iter fecit. 6. Oppidum 
Remorum, nomine Bibrax, non longe abest. 7. Haec 
gens nondum bono animo in populum Romanum est. 
8. Hae res blduo conficientur. 9. In provincia Gallia 
blduum morabamur. 10. Socil nostrl gratia et auctoritate 
auctiores sint ! 11. Prima luce 2 castellum oppugnabi- 
mus. 12. N5nne vir est maxima gratia ? 13. GermanI 
sunt ingenti magnitudine. 

II 

1. At daybreak the mountain was held by Labienus. 
2. This hill is not of great height. 3. In the middle of 
the night they went out of the camp 3 and returned to 
their territory. 4. They fought sharply the whole day. 



1 Plurimum valent, are very strong. 

2 Prima luce, at the first light ; i.e. at daybreak. 



3 e castris. 



200 



Elements of Latin 



5. All the cavalry, five thousand in number, were terrified 
and fled immediately. 6. These nations are very strong 1 
in cavalry. 7. A man of friendly mind would have 
helped us. 8. ■ At the end of summer, the commander 
set out to 2 his province. 9. This hostage is a man of 
great influence and authority. 10. The Germans sur- 
pass all the other barbarians in size. 



285. 



READING LESSON — THE SABINE WAR 



Turn Romulus cum hoste, 3 qui montem Tarpeium tene- 
bat, pugnam conseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc forum Ro- 
manum est. In media caede raptae 4 processerunt, et 
hinc patres, hinc coniuges et soceros complectebantur, 
atque ita flnem caedis fecerunt. Turn Romulus foedus 
icit, et Sabinos 5 in urbem recepit. 

1 Cf. I, 4. 2 in, and the accusative. 3 276. 

4 raptae (virgines). 5 The " virgines " were Sabines. 




Vestae Sacerdos 



i. 



LESSON XLVII 
THE PARTICIPLES; THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 

286. THE PARTICIPLES 

i. Review the participles in the different paradigms, and 
learn again their meanings and declension. 

2. The participle is a verbal adjective. 

a. As an adjective, it agrees with the noun limited in gender, 
number, and case ; as, 

Miles vulneratus, the wounded soldier. 

b. As a verb it may, if transitive and active, take an object ; 

as, 

Militem id f acientem vidi, / saw the soldier doing this. 

3. Tenses 

The tenses of the participle do not express time absolutely, 
but relatively to the time designated by the verb on which the 
participle depends. 

a. The present participle represents an act as taking place 
at the same time as that expressed by the verb on which it 
depends. 

Copias pugnantes videbo, / shall see the troops fighting ; i.e. 
they will be fighting, and I shall see them. 

b. The perfect participle represents an act as having taken 
place at a time before that expressed by the verb on which it 
depends. 

Militem vulneratum vidi, / saw the (having been) wounded 
soldier. 

201 



202 Elements of Latin 

c. The future participle represents an act that is to take 
place at a time later than that expressed by the verb on which 
it depends. Its use, however, is confined chiefly to the active 
periphrastic. 

4. Uses of the Participle 

The Latin frequently uses the present or perfect participle 
where the English employs a dependent clause of time, cause, 
condition, etc., introduced by when, after, since, because, if, al- 
though, who, etc. In translating it is usually better to avoid the 
literal meaning and employ such a clause. Note the following : 

Militem vulneratum vidi, I saw the soldier ivho had been 
wounded. 

Moratus 1 tres dies discessit, after he had delayed three days, he 
departed (literally, having delayed three days, he departed}. 

Milites murum munientes oppugnati sunt, the soldiers were 
attacked, while they were fortifying the wall (literally, the soldiers, 
fortifying the wall, were attacked}. 

287. THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE 

i. In English we occasionally use such an expression as, 
" The weather being disagreeable, we stayed at home." 

This construction is called the nominative absolute, because 
it in no way depends on any other word in the sentence, but is 
entirely independent, or absolute. 

2. In Latin, this construction is extremely common ; but the 
absolute or independent words stand in the ablative instead of 
in the nominative, and the construction is called the ablative 
absolute. In its commonest form, it consists of a noun, and 
either a present or perfect participle ; as, 

Gallis superatis, Caesar pacem confirmavit, the Gauls having 
been conquered, Caesar established peace. 

1 Note that the perfect participle of a deponent verb is usually active in meaning. 



The Participles; The Ablative Absolute 203 

3. Like other participle constructions, the ablative absolute 
is usually better translated by a dependent clause (286, 4, 
above). 

Hoc facto, discessit, after this had been done, he went away 
(literally, this having been done, etc.). 

Omnibus rebus paratis, legatos arcessemus, since everything has 
been prepared, we shall summon the envoys (literally, everything 
having been prepared, etc.) . 

Romanis nihil timentibus, hostes impetum fecerunt, when the 
Romans were fearing nothing, the enemy made the attack (liter- 
ally, the Romans fearing nothing, etc.). 

4. Sometimes a second noun or an adjective takes the place 
of the participle. 

Caesare consule, Caesar {being) consul, i.e. in the consulship of 
Caesar. 

Tempestate idonea, navem solvit, the weather {being) suitable, 
he set sail, i.e. since the weather was suitable, he set sail. 

288. VOCABULARY 

accipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, receive, mora, ae, f., delay. 

Catilina, ae, m., Catiline. nunc, now (adv.). 

Cicero, Ciceronis, m., Cicero. orior, iri, ortus sum, arise. 

cohortor, ari, atus sum, encourage, peto, ere, ivi or ii, itus, seek. 

coniuratio, coniurationis, f., con- progredior, i, gressus sum, ad- 

spiracy. vance. 

dolor, doloris, m., grief. removeo, ere, movi, motus, re- 
habeo, ere, ui, itus, deliver (a move. 

speech). 

289. EXERCISES 

I 
1. Hoc periculo remoto, omnes incolae vici nunc sunt 
tutl. 2. Hac oratione habita, omnes qui aderant auxilium 



204 Elements of Latin 

a Caesare petierunt. 3. Orgetorlx, regni cupiditate 
inductus, coniurationem fecit. 4. Equites, decern milia pas- 
suura hostis secuti, magnum eorum numerum interfecerunt. 
5. Orta luce, 1 sine mora castra movebimus. 6. Cicerone 
consule, coniuratio Catillnae facta est. 7. Copias nostras, 
castra oppugnantes, hostes reppulerunt. 8. Hostibus 
fortiter resistentibus, nobis acrius pugnandum est. 9. Ar- 
ma tradita in fossam, quae ante oppidum erat, iacta sunt. 

10. Armis traditls, Bellovacos in dediti5nem accipiemus. 

11. Militibus alacribus, victoria fuit facilis celerisque. 

12. Ducem in prima acie pugnantem vulneravi. 13. Bar- 
baras commeatus trans flumen portare conantes reppulimus. 
14. His rebus perturbati, elves condiciones pacis accipere 
recusaverunt. 15. Captivi, nullam spem habentes, magno 
dolore affecti sunt. 

II 

1. (Since) the wall (was) stripped of defenders, 2 the 
town was easily captured. 2. (After) these things (had 
been) accomplished, Caesar led the legions into winter 
quarters. 3. In the middle of the night, the captives, 
hoping for safety, attempted to flee. 4. The commander 
decided to attack this town, (although it was) fortified by a 
wall. 5. (Since) the approach (is) very difficult, this city 
will not be captured quickly. 6. (As) the soldiers (were) 
delaying, the commander hastened into the first line. 
7. (When) the hostages (have been) received, we shall 
establish peace. 8. We shall attack this town (after we 
have) surrounded (it). 9. (With) Galba (as) leader, we 

1 Orta luce, the light having arisen ; i.e. at daybreak. 

2 Express all dependent clauses by means of the participle. Omit words in 
parentheses. 



The Participles; The Ablative Absolute 205 

shall conquer all these tribes. 10. Our commander, after 
encouraging 1 his men, ordered them to advance. 



290. READING LESSON — ROMULUS COMPLETES HIS 

WORK 

Postea civitatem descrlpsit. Centum senatores legit, 
e5sque cum ob aetatem turn ob reverentiam els debitam 2 
patres 3 appellavit. Plebem in triginta curias distribuit, 
easque raptarum nominibus nuncupavit. 

Anno 4 regni trlcesimo septimo, inter tempestatem or- 
tam 2 repente oculis 5 hominum 6 subductus est atque (sic 
traditur) ad deds sublatus est. 



1 After encouraging, i.e. having encouraged. 2 286, 4. 

4 282. 5 265. 6 221. 



3 254. 




Julius Caesar 



291. 



LESSON XLVIII 



REVIEW OF THE ABLATIVE ; EO 



EXERCISE 



Review the rules of syntax and examples in the last four 
lessons. 



292. 



CONJUGATION OP EO 
Eo, go 



Principal Parts 



Pres. Indic. Pres. Ii 


<fin. Perf. Indic. 


Fut. Pari 


eo 


ire 


Ivi (if) 
Indicative Mood 


iturus 




Singular 


Plural 




Pres. 


eo, Is, it 


Imus, itis, eunt 




Imp. 


ibam 


ibamus 




Fut. 


ibo 


ibimus 




Per/. 


Ivi (ii) 


Ivimus (iimus) 




Ptup. 


Iveram (ieram) 


Iveramus (ieramus) 




Fut. P. 


Ivero (iero) 


Iverimus (ierimus) 
Subjunctive 




Pres. 


earn 


eamus 




Imp. 


irem 


iremus 




Per/. 


Iverim (ierim) 


iverimus (ierimus) 




Plup. 


ivissem (iissem 
issem) 


, Ivissemus (iissemus, 


issemus) 



206 



Review of the Ablative 



207 









Imperative 




Singular 






Fl,UR 


Pres. 


1 






Ite 


Fut. 


ito 
Ito 

Infinitive 






Itote 
eunto 

Partici] 


Pres. 


Ire 






Pres. iens 


Per/. 


Ivisse (iisse, 


Isse) 




{Gen. euntis) 


Fut. 


iturus esse 






Fut. iturus 




Gerund 




Supine 




eundl, -do, 


-dum, 


-do. 


itum, itu 



293. NOTE ON CONJUGATION 

Note that in the present system, i becomes e before a vowel. 



294. 



EXERCISE 



Learn the meaning of eo, and review the vocabularies, 269, 
277, 283, 288. 



295. 

1. Ieras. 

2. Iveratis. 

3. Eundl. 

4. lens. 

5. Euntem. 

6. Euntes. 

7. Ibunt 

8. Isse. 



EXERCISES 


I 




9- 


Iturus esse 


10. 


Ito. 


11. 


Eatis. 


12. 


Iremus. 


J 3- 


Ieris. 


14. 


Iveritis. 


!5- 


Ierltis. 


16. 


Ibitis. 



2o8 Elements of Latin 







II 




I. 


By going. 


9- 


We should have gone 


2. 


Go thou. 


IO. 


He had gone. 


3- 


We go. 


ii. 


Let him go. 


4- 


Let us go. 


12. 


They shall go. 


5- 


He has gone. 


1 3- 


They will go. 


6. 


You will go. 


14. 


To have gone. 


7- 


Ye shall go. 


i5- 


For going. 


8. 


Togo. 


16. 


You went. 



Ill 

1. Omni spe remota, incolae huius oppidl summo dolore 

afficiebantur. 2. Hoc iter tribus mllibus passuum bre- 

vius est. 3. Montes altissimi Helvetios ab aliis gentibus 

dividunt. 4. Legatis auxilium petentibus, Caesar id re- 

cusavit. 5. Milites, discessu hostium incitatos, dux co- 

hortatus est. 6. Extrema aestate, dux in hlberna cum 

legionibus suis nondum ierat. 7. Plebe incitata, ingens 

erat legatorum periculum. 8. Paucls ante annis hoc 

oppid5 potiri conatl eramus. 9. Apud plebem hie vir est 

magna gratia. 10. Sitis potestate et auctoritate aucti- 

ores ! 11. Inopia aquae castra ex hac valle movebimus. 

12. Haec via multo longior est ilia. 13. Quae nationes 

plurimum numero hominum valent ? 14. Mulieres in 

silvas magna cum celeritate ierunt. 15. Orta. luce aciem 

instruemus. 

IV 

1. Since this oration has been delivered, 1 the soldiers 
will now go into the camp. 2. Led on by the desire of 
power, Dumnorix favored a revolution. 3. A few hours 
before, the enemy went into the village with great speed. 

1 Express this clause by the ablative absolute. 



Review of the Ablative 



209 



4. That girl is more beautiful than the queen. 5. These 
barbarians ought to be driven out of the territory of the 
Gauls. 6. This tribe surpasses all the nations of Gaul in 
valor. 7. The commander was attacked (while) confer- 
ring with Ariovistus. 8. Since this conspiracy has been 
discovered, 1 we shall confer concerning the punishment of 
these men within two days. 9. Having advanced a few 
miles, we saw a hill of great height. 10. Was Catiline 
punished 2 by Cicero ? 



1 Express this clause by the ablative absolute. 



2 Cf. Ill, 1. 




LESSON XLIX 

EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE ; DOMUS 

296. EXPRESSIONS OP PLACE 

Expressions of Place are of three kinds : place to which ; 
place from which; and place where. 

Rules: i. Place to which is expressed by the accusative with 
ad or in : 

Ad Italiam iit, he went to Italy. 

2. Place from which is expressed by the ablative with ab, de, 
or ex : 

Ab Italia venit, he came from Italy. 

3. Place where is expressed by the ablative with in : 

In Italia, in Italy. 

297. SPECIAL EXCEPTIONS 

With names of towns and small islands, and with domus, home, 
and rus, the country, place is expressed as follows : 

1. Place to which, by the accusative, without a preposition : 

Romam iit, he went to Rome. 
Domum iit, he went home. 

2. Place from which, by the ablative without a preposition : 

Roma venit, he came from Rome. 
Rure venit, he came from the country. 

3. Place where, by the locative case (which has the same 
form as the dative, except in the singular of the second declen- 
sion, where it has the same form as the genitive) : 

Romae, at Rome. 
Domi, at home. 
21Q 






Expressions of Place 211 

298. DECLENSION OF DOMUS 

Domus, in addition to the regular terminations of the fourth 
declension, has the following forms of the second declension in 
common use : domi, at home (genitive or locative) ; domunr, to 
one's home (accusative) ; domo, from home (ablative) ; domos, to 
{their, etc.) homes, homewards (accusative plural). 

299. VOCABULARY 

Aquileia, ae, f., Aquileia, a hiems, hiemis, f., winter. 

Roman town. pervenio, ire, veni, ventus, reach, 
conscrlbo, ere, scrips!, scriptus, come to, arrive. 

enroll. redeo, ire, ii, iturus, go back, re- 
de, prep. gov. 3.b\., from, out of. turn. 

domus, us, or 1, f., ho??ie, house. rus, ruris, n., the country. 

educo, ere, diixi, ductus, lead transeo, Ire, ii, itus, cross. 

out. turn, then, at that time ; there- 
exeo, Ire, ii, itus, go out, depart upon, next (adv.). 

from. vivo, ere, vixi, victus, live. 

300. EXERCISES 

I 

i. Caesar in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit. 
2. Unam legionem novam conscribam et duas ex hiber- 
nis educam. 3. Romae sunt multa mllia incolarum. 

4. Roma profectus sum et flumen transii et rus contendl. 

5. Legati a Gallia Romam extrema hieme venerunt. 

6. Helvetiis domi nihil praeter solum agri erat. 7. In fines 
Helvetiorum die septimo pervenit. 8. Multi exploratores 
rure in castra venient. 9. Paucos dies Genavae mane- 
bimus et domum turn redibimus. 10. Multitudo hominum 
rure veniunt. 11. De finibus nostris statim exeamus ! 
12. Propter calamitatem recentem erat in oppidd fremitus 
magnus. 



212 Elements of Latin 

ii 

i. We have a large number of horses at home. 2. We 
shall send the women and children into the fortification. 

3. The Belgians were in a narrow pass of the mountains. 

4. In a few days we shall return from Rome to the 
country. 5. At Aquileia are two legions in winter 
quarters. 6. Caesar hastened to go into farther Gaul 
with three legions. 7. We shall set out from home in a 
short time. 8. Labienus ordered the centurion to lead 
one cohort out of camp. 9. Let us hasten to return to 
Rome ! 10. The commander sent the captives whom he 
had to Italy. 

301. READING LESSON — NUMA POMPILIUS 

Post RomulT mortem unius anni 1 interregnum fuit. 
Quo exacto, 2 Numa Pompilius Curibus, 3 urbe in agro 4 
Sabinorum, natus, 5 rex 6 creatus est. Hie vir bellum 
quidem nullum gessit; nee minus tamen civitatl 7 profuit. 
Nam et leges dedit, et sacra plurima Instituit, atque ita 
populum barbarum et bellicosos mores molllvit. Omnia 
autem, quae faciebat, nymphae Egeriae, 8 coniugis suae, 



iussu 9 fecit. 


Morbo 9 


decessit, 


quadragesimo 


tertio im- 


peril anno. 10 










1227. 


2 287,2. 


3 297, 3. 


4 296, 3. 


s 286, 4 


6 254, 1. 


7 241. 


8 221. 


9 272. 


i° 282. 



LlTUUS 



LESSON L 
INDEPENDENT USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE 

302. THE HORTATORY i SUBJUNCTIVE 

Rule : The present subjunctive may be used to express a?i ex- 
hortation or mild co?nma?id. The negative is ne. 

Hoc fiat, let this be done ! 

Hoc consilium ne capiamus, let us not adopt this plan ! 

303. THE OPTATIVE 2 SUBJUNCTIVE 

Rule : The optative subjunctive expresses a wish, and may be 
used in the present, imperfect, and pluperfect tenses. Utinam, 
would that, may be used with the present, and is regularly used 
with the imperfect and pluperfect. The negative is ne. 

i. The present expresses a wish possible in future time. 

Hostes nostros superemus, may we overcome our enemies ! 

2. The imperfect expresses a wish unfulfilled in present time. 
Utinam haec ita essent, would that these things were so / 

3. The pluperfect expresses a wish unfulfilled in past time. 

Utinam socii nostri adfuissent, would that our allies had been 
pj-esefit ! 

304. TRANSLATION OP THE SUBJUNCTIVE 

The meanings of the subjunctive mood, as previously given 
in the conjugation of verbs, cannot always be used. The Eng- 
lish subjunctive is passing out of use, and the Latin subjunctive 

1 From hortor, I urge. 2 From opto, / desire. 

213 



214 



Elements of Latin 



is often best translated by the English indicative, or by the use 
of various auxiliaries. The student should note the translation 
of the examples given, and use them as models for the transla- 
tion of similar constructions. 



305. 



VOCABULARY 



ita, this, so (adv.). 

reddo, ere, reddidl, redditus, give 
back, return. 

singuli, ae, a, one at a time, 
. singly. 

ulciscor, i ; ultus sum, avenge, 
punish. 

utinam, would that (introduc- 
tory particle). 



aggredior, I, gressus sum, attack. 
committo, ere, misi, missus, 

bring together ; in the phrase, 

proelium committere, to join 

or commence battle. 
conscendo, ere, scendi, scensus, 

embark, go on board. 
erjiptio, eruptionis, f., a sortie, 

rushing forth. 
impeditus, a, um (participle of vigilia, ae, f., watch (of the 

impedio, as adjective) ; hin- night). 

dered, buj'dened ; under bag- 

gage. 

306. EXERCISES 

I 

i. Proelium statim committamus ! 2. Utinam hostes 
nos impedltos ne aggressl essent ! 3. Extrema. hieme 
rus eamus ! 4. Secunda vigilia erupti5 ex castrls flat! 

5. Utinam naves c5nscendissemus et domum rediissemus ! 

6. Utinam iniiirias rei publicae ulciscamur ! 7. Per 
angustias singuli cam ducantur. 8. Utinam imperator 
novas legiones nunc conscriberet ! 9. Utinam hoc nego- 
tium ita ne perfecisses ! 10. Obsides quos habemus 
reddamus atque Romam redeamus. 11. Diu et feliciter 
vivamus ! 






Independent Uses of the Subjunctive 215 

11 

1. Would that we had crossed the river and attacked 
the barbarians under baggage! 2. Let us receive these 
tribes and make them our allies. 3. Let us not order the 
soldiers to commence battle ! 4. Let these things be 
done with the greatest speed ! 5. May our allies furnish 
us assistance ! 6. Would that you were able to come to 
Rome ! 7. Would that you had gone to the province, 
and had not returned to Aquileia ! 8. Would that I had 
discovered this difficulty before ! 9. At the third watch 
let the soldiers make a sortie. 10. Would that the Ger- 
mans had led their -troops out of our territory ! 

307. READING LESSON — TULLUS HOSTILIUS 

Numae 1 successit Tullus Hostilius, cuius 2 avus se in 
bello adversus Sabinos fortem et strenuum virum 3 praesti- 
terat. Rex creatus 4 bellum Albanls 1 indixit, idque trige- 
minorum Horatiorum et Curiatiorum certamine flnivit. 
Albam propter perfidiam Mettii Fufetii diruit. Postquam 
triginta duos annos 5 regnavit, fulmine ictus 4 cum domo sua 
arsit. 

1241. 2 221. 3 254. 4 286, 4. 5 255. 



Navis 



LESSON LI 
INDIRECT QUESTIONS ; SEQUENCE OF TENSES ; PURPOSE 

308. INDIRECT QUESTIONS 

i. A direct question, asking for information, usually has its 
verb in the indicative. 

Quid facis, what are you doing? 

2. Such a question may be put in a dependent clause, and 
made the object or subject of a verb of asking. It is then called 
an indirect question. 

Rule : An indirect question has its verb in the subjunctive mood. 

Rogo quid facias, I ask what you are doing. 

3. Any dependent clause introduced by an interrogative word, 
and used as subject or object of the principal verb, is to be 
classed as an indirect question. 

Scio ubi sis, I know where you are. 

309. SEQUENCE OP TENSES 

i. In all dependent clauses employing the subjunctive, the 
tense of the dependent verb depends on the tense of the princi- 
pal verb of the sentence. This principle is called the Sequence 1 
of Tenses. 

A. Primary Sequence 

If the principal verb is present, future, ox future perfect, the 
dependent verb must be 

(1) present, to express incomplete action ; 

(2) perfect, to express completed action. 

1 From sequor, follow, the " follow " of tenses. 
216 



Indirect Questions; Sequence of Tenses; Purpose 217 






B. Secondary Sequence 

If the principal verb is imperfect, perfect, 1 or pluperfect, the 
dependent verb must be 

(1) imperfect, to express incomplete action ; 

(2) pluperfect, to express completed action. 



Scio, I know 
Sciam, I shall know. 
Scivero, / shall have known 



Examples : Primary Sequence 

quid facias, what you are doing. 
quid feceris, what you did, what you 
have done. 



Sciebam, / 'knew 
Scivi, I knew 
Sciveram, / had known 



Secondary Sequence 

quid faceres, what you were doing. 



quid fecisses, what you had done. 



2. The Sequence of Tenses is conveniently shown in the 
following table : 

Principal Verb Dependent Verb 



Primary Primary 


Present 
Future 
Future Perfect 


are 

> - 

followed by 

are 
followed by 


Present, for incomplete 
action 

Perfect, for completed ac- 
tion 


Secondary 


Secondary 


Imperfect 

Perfect 

Pluperfect 


Imperfect, for incomplete 
action 

Pluperfect, for completed 
action 



1 The perfect is sometimes regarded as a primary tense when it has the meaning 
"have"; thus, misi, / have sent, may be primary, while misi, / sent, is regularly 
secondary. 



2l8 



Elements of Latin 



310. 



THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE 



i. Rule: The subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses 
expressing the purpose of the action of the piHncipal verb. Such 
clauses are introduced by ut, that, in order that, and ne, in order 
that . . . not, lest. 

Venit Romam ut consul crearetur, he came to Rome that he 
might be elected consul. 

Fugit ne caperetur, he fled lest he shoitld be captured, in order 
not to be caplu?-ed. 

2. In English, the infinitive is frequently used to express 

purpose ; as, 

" He came to see the town." 

In Latin, the infinitive must not be so used. In rendering such 
an English sentence into Latin, it must be put into the form 

" He came that he might see the town." 



311. 



VOCABULARY 



circuitus, us, m., circuit, round- ne, lest, that . . . not (negative 



about way. 



conj.) 



cliens, clientis, m. and f., de- quaero, ere, quaesivi, situs, in- 



pendent, 1-etainer. 



quire. 



doceo, ere, ui, doctus, show, tell, rescindo, ere, rescidi, scissus, 



evado, ere, evasi, evasiirus, 

escape. 



tear down. 
rogo, are, avi, atus, ask. 



impetro, are, avi, atus, obtain Sequani, orum, m., the Sequani, 



one's request. 



a Gallic tribe. 



iudicium, l, n., place of judg- si, whether (conj.). 

ment, trial. ut, that, in 07'der that (conj.). 

iudico, are, avi, atus, judge. 



Indirect Questions; Sequence of Tenses; Purpose 219 

312. EXERCISES 

1 
I. Labienus montem circuitu ascendit ne exploratores 
eum viderent. 2. Nemo potest iudicare in utram .par- 
tem flumen fluat. 3. Caesar iussit equites navem 
conscendere ut orta luce ex portu proficiscerentur. 
4. Exploratores Caesarem certiorem faciunt quid in 
castris hostium geratur. 5. Helveth Dumnorigem lega- 
tum delegerunt ut a Sequanls impetrarent. 6. Docebo 
ex quibus periculls hi servi evaserint. 7. Orgetorix ad 
iudicium omnes clientes coegit ne magistratus eum ul- 
ciscerentur. 8. Hostes conabantur si e castris evadere 
possent 9. Dux iubebit pontem rescind! ne hostes 
flumen transire possint. 10. Rogavi qui virl in vicum 
tertia vigilia pervenissent atque quae copiae eodem tem- 
pore exissent. 

II 

1. Our troops will set out at once in order to attack the 
enemy under baggage. 2. Try to discover in what 
direction the enemy have gone. 3. The envoys asked 
on what day we returned the hostages to the Gauls. 
4. I sent scouts ahead that a suitable place for camp 
might be chosen. 5. Labienus joined battle immediately 
lest the enemy should escape from the ambush. 6. Let 
us tear down the bridge in order to hinder the Helvetians. 
7. I inquire who is the messenger of the senate. 8. The 
commander orders the transports to be prepared that he 
may carry the horses across. 9. The inhabitants of 
the village inquired what these men had discovered. 
10. The captives tried (to see) whether they could 1 
escape from the village. 

1 could; i.e. were able (to). 



220 



Elements of Latin 



313. 



READING LESSON — ANCUS MARCIUS 



Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae * ex filia nepos, sus- 
cepit imperium. Hie vir aequitate 2 et religione 2 av5 3 
similis Latinos bello 4 domuit, urbem ampliavit, et nova 
el 5 moenia circumdedit. Carcerem primus aedificavit. 
Ad Tiberis ostia urbem condidit, Ostiamque 6 vocavit. 
Vicesimo quarto anno 7 imperii morbo 8 obiit. 



1221. 
5 241. 



2 280. 

6 254. 



3 250. 
'282. 



4 273. 

8 272. 




Legatus 



LESSON LII 

RESULT; CHARACTERISTIC; RELATIVE PURPOSE 

CLAUSES 

314. THE SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT 

Rule : The subjunctive is used in dependent clauses expressing 
the result of the action of the principal verb. Such clauses are 
introduced by ut, that, so that, and ut .1 . . non, so that . . . not. 

Hostes tarn perterriti sunt ut statim fugerent, the enemy were so 
terrified that they fled immediately. 

Periculum erat tarn magnum ut e castris egredi non auderemus, 
the danger was so great that we did not dare go out of the camp. 

Note: Distinguish carefully purpose and result clauses. Negative 
clauses may be distinguished by the conjunction used, — ne, for purpose ; 
ut . . . non, for result. Affirmative clauses can usually be distinguished 
by attention to the meaning of the sentence as a whole. 

315. CLAUSES OP CHARACTERISTIC 

Rule : A relative clause used to describe or characterize an ante- 
cedent of indefinite meaning is called a characteristic clause, and 
has its verb in the subjunctive. 

Nemo est qui haec non intellegat, there is no one who does not 
understand this. 

316. RELATIVE CLAUSES OP PURPOSE 

Rule : Clauses of Purpose may be introduced by the relative 
pronoun qui. 

Misi lggatum qui hanc difficultatem nuntiaret, / sent an envoy 
to (who should) report this difficulty. 

Note : Qui is used commonly in this construction as subject of the 
dependent verb, where its antecedent is object of the principal verb. 

221 



222 Elements of Latin 

317. VOCABULARY 

audeo, ere, ausus sum, 1 dare. nonniillus, a, urn, some. 

contineo, ere, ui, tentus, confine, Rhodanus, i, m., the Rhone. 

hem in. subitus, a, um, sudden. 

dico, ere, dlxi, dictus, say, tell ; talis, tale, such. 

appoint. tarn, so (adv.). 

intellego, ere, lexi, lectus, tinder- tantus, a, um, suck, so great. 

stand, know. ut, that, so that (con]). 

invenio, ire, veni, ventus, come vix, hardly, scarcely (adv.). 

upon, find. 

318. EXERCISES 

I 

i. Talis erat loci natura ut Helvetii undique contine- 
rentur. 2. Quis est qui id facere audeat ? 3. Collem 
muniemus ne hostes eum capere possint. 4. Hie collis 
ita munitus est ut hostes eum capere n5n possent. 
5. Multa dicuntur quae vix intellegam. 6. Helvetii 
legatos miserunt qui a Sequanis impetrarent. 7. Non- 
nulli sunt qui apud plebem plurimum valeant. 8. Tarn 
subitus fuit impetus ut nostri maxim e perterrerentur. 

9. Hostes viros fortes delegerunt qui pontem rescinderent. 

10. Diem dicemus qua die omnes ad rlpam Rhodani con- 
veniamus. 11. Tanta erat altitudo fluminis ut vadum 
in venire non possemus. 12. Caesar paucos dies morabi- 
tur ut milites ex provincia conveniant. 

II 

1. So sharp was the attack that few (of the) Gauls es- 
caped. 2. The commander sent scouts to 2 discover the 
march of the enemy. 3. There were two roads by which 

1 Semi-deponent. 2 to ; i.e. who should. 



Result; Characteristic ; Relative Purpose Clauses 223 

the Helvetians could depart from home. 4. One road 
was so narrow that a few (men) could easily stop them. 

5. The time is so short that we do not dare to delay. 

6. We shall advance by a roundabout way in order not to 
be seen by the enemy. 7. That man is the only one 1 
who would attempt to accomplish this task. 8. The 
commander sent a lieutenant into the first line to 2 encour- 
age the soldiers. 9. So great was the number of the 
enemy that our men were greatly terrified. 10. Caesar 
sent ahead the cavalry to attack the rear line. 

319. READING LESSON — TARQUINIUS PRISCUS, I 

Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquinius Priscus accepit, 
DemaratI fllius 3 qui tyrannos patriae Corinth! 3 fugiens, in 
Etruriam 4 venerat. Ipse Tarquinius, qui nomen ab urbe 
Tarquinhs accepit, aliquando Romam 5 profectus erat. 
In hoc itinere, aquila pilleum abstulit, 6 et, postquam alte 
evolavit reposuit. Hinc Tanaquil coniunx, mulier auguri- 
orum 7 perita, regnum ei 8 portendit. 

1 only one, solus. 2 to ; i.e. who should. 3 17, 2. 4 296, 1. 

s 297, 1. 6 abstulit = took away, took off. > 229. 8 239. 




Vinea 



LESSON LIII 
CUM CLAUSES 

320. TEMPORAL CLAUSES 

Rule : Cum temporal, meaning when, is usually followed by the 
subjunctive if the tense is imperfect or pluperfect ; with other tenses, 
the indicative' is used. 

Cum id niintiatum esset, profectus est, when this had been re- 
p07'ted, he set out. 

Cum Romam venies, te videbo, when you (shall) come to Rome, 
I shall see you. 

i. The imperfect or pluperfect indicative may be used, how- 
ever, to emphasize the particular time of the action. 

Ed die cum Romae eram, Ciceronem vidi, on that day when I 
was at Rome, I saw Cicero. 

321. CAUSAL CLAUSES 

Rule : Cum causal, meaning since, is followed by the subjunctive. 

Cum dux venerit, progrediemur, since the leader has come, we 
shall advance. 

322. CONCESSIVE CLAUSES 

Rule : Cum concessive, meaning although, is followed by the 
subjunctive. 

Cum ea ita sint, tamen pacem faciam, although these things are 
so, nevertheless I shall make peace. 

224 



Cum Clauses 



225 



323. 



VOCABULARY 



adorior, In, ortus sum, attack. 
comperio, ire, peri, pertus, find 

out, discover. 
conspectus, us, m., sight, view. 
cum, when; since; although 

(conj.). 
maturus, a, um, early. 
proxime, last, recently (adv.). 
sub, prep. gov. ace, under, 

toward ; gov. abl., under. 



324. 



succedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, ap- 
proach, come up. 

sustineo, ere, ui, tentus, with- 
stand. 

tergum, 1, n., back. 

verto, ere, verti, versus, turn ; 
tergum vertere, to turn one's 
back, flee. 

vesper, eri, m., evening. 

videor, eri, visus sum, seem ; be 
seen (passive of video). 



EXERCISES 
I 

I. Cum hostes impetum nostrorum diutius sustinere non 
possent, terga verterunt. 2. Cum mons esset altissimus, 
hostes tamen sub nostram prlmam aciem fortiter successe- 
runt. 3. Quae cum ita essent, e provincia profectl 
sumus. 4. Cum omnes socil eos deseruissent, hostes 
domum se recipere constituerunt atque castra Romana 
adorlri recusaveruut. 5. Cum dux in conspectum cas- 
trorum hostium venisset, aciem in medio colle 1 Instruxit. 
6. Eo anno cum proxime Aquileiae praeeram, duae le- 
giones in hibernis erant. 7. Cum Romani timore per- 
territi 2 esse viderentur, Helvetii, itinere verso, eos seque- 
bantur. 8. Cum hiemes sint maturae, in Britanniam 
tamen Caesar proficlscl contendit. 9. Cum Romam ve- 
nies, haec comperies. 10. Hoc t5to proelio, cum ab h5ra 
septima. ad vesperum pugnatum sit, nemo tergum vertit. 



1 in medio colle = halfway up the hill. 

2 perterriti, participle as adjective ; terrified. 



226 Elements of Latin 

ii 

i. The Haedui, since they could not defend themselves, 
sent envoys to us. 2. Although the road is narrow, 
wagons can be drawn 1 one by one. 3. When the com- 
mander inquired from the scouts, he found out the cause 
of the sudden flight. 4. Since the enemy do not dare to 
attack us, let us confine them in camp. 5. Although 
some allies are not present, nevertheless let us attempt to 
capture the town. 6. Since there is a ford over 2 the 
Rhone, let us cross immediately. 7. When we (shall) 
understand the causes of this war, we will prepare troops. 
8. On that day when the trial was taking place, 3 Orget- 
orix gathered many dependents to the place. 9. Al- 
though so great a multitude was killed that the soldiers 
were terrified, nevertheless, (during) the whole day, they 
did not hesitate to fight. 10. When the leader asked the 
causes of this revolt, the envoys told 4 them. 

325. READING LESSON — TARQUINIUS PRISCUS, II. 

Cum Romae 5 commoraretur, 6 Anci regis familiaritatem 
consecutus est, qui eum filiorum suorum tutorem 7 rellquit. 
Sed is regnum occupavit. Senatoribus, 8 quos Romulus 
creaverat, centum alios addidit. Plura bella fellciter gessit, 
nee paucos agros urbis territSrio 8 adiunxit. Primus trium- 
phans urbem intravit. Cloacas fecit ; Capitolium incohavit. 
Tricesim5 octavo imperii anno per Anci filios occlsus est. 

1 draw = duco. 2 over = in, with the ablative. 3 take place = fio. 

4fc//=doce6. 5 297,3. 6 320. "254. 8 241. 



LESSON LIV 

REVIEW OF LESSONS XLIX-LIII ; VOLO, NOLO, MALO; 
COMMANDS; PROHIBITIONS 

326. EXERCISE 

Review the rules of syntax in the last five lessons. 

327. CONJUGATION OF VOLO, NOLO, MALO 

Principal Parts 



Pres. Indic. 


Pres. Infin. 


Perf. Indic. 




volo 


velle 


volui, wish, be willing. 




nolo 


nolle 


nolui, be unwilling. 




malo 


malle 
Indicative Mood 


malui, prefer. 


Pres. 


volo 


nolo 


malo 




vis 


non vis 


mavis 




vult 


non vult 


ma vult 




volumus 


nolumus 


malumus 




vultis 


non vultis 


mavultis 




volunt 


nolunt 


malunt 


Imp. 


volebam 


nolebam 


malebam 


Fut 


volam 


nolam 


malam 


Per/. 


volui 


nolui 


malui 


Plup. 


volueram 


nolueram 


malueram 


Fut. P. voluero 


noluero 


maluero 






Subjunctive 




Pres. 


velim, -is,- 


it, etc.* nolim 


malim 


Imp. 


vellem, -es 


, -et, etc. nollem 


mallem 


Per/. 


voluerim 


noluerim 


maluerim 


Plup. 


voluissem 


noluissem 
227 


maluissem 



228 Elements of Latin 







Imperative 


-■ 




Pres. 


noli, nolite 






Fut 


nolito, nolito ; nolltote, 
Infinitive 


nolunto 


Pres. 


velle 


nolle 


malle 


Per/. 


voluisse 


noluisse 


maluisse 



Participle 

Pres. volens nolens 

328. NOTE ON CONJUGATION 

The present tenses show many irregularities for which no 
definite rule can be given. 

329. COMMANDS 

The imperative mood is used to express a command. 
Urbem vestram, elves, defendite, defend your city, O citizens ! 

330. NEGATIVE COMMANDS, OR PROHIBITIONS 

Ne is the regular negative of the imperative ; but in standard 
prose a negative command or prohibition is commonly expressed 
by noli with the infinitive. 

Eolite abire, do not go away (literally, be unwilling to go away). 

331. EXERCISE 

Learn the meaning of volo, nolo, malo, and review vocabularies 
299, 305, 311, 317, 323. 

332. EXERCISES 

I 

i. Mavultis. 4. Malle. 

2. Noluit. 5. Noluerit. 

3. Velles. 6. Maluisse. 



Review of Lessons XLIX-LIII 



229 



7- 


Nolens. 


12. 


Noluisses. 


8. 


Volentem. 


!3- 


Malint. 


9- 


Nollemus. 


14. 


Noli tote. 


0. 


Velle. 


i5- 


Mavis. 


1. 


Velitis. 


16. 


Non vultis. 


1. 


He does not wish. 


II 
9- 


They may wish. 


2. 


You are willing. 


10. 


He is unwilling. 


3- 


He would have preferred. 


1 1. 


Unwilling. 


4- 


To be unwilling. 


12. 


We are unwilling. 


5- 


To have wished. 


!3- 


You would have wished, 


6. 


Be ye unwilling. 


14. 


Be thou unwilling. 


7- 


Willing. 


J5- 


Do not do this. 



8. He would be willing. 



16. Do not fight. 



Ill 

1. Romara statim earn us ! 2. Pauci sunt qui pro 
patria pugnare nolint. 3. Cum Aquileiae imperator 
essem, Romam misl centurionem qui senatui captlvos 
traderet. 4. Utinarn impetum sustinuissemus atque terga 
ne vertissemus! 5. Eo tempore tale et tantum erat perl- 
culum ut omnes viros vereremur. 6. Eruptionem ex 
oppido summa cum celeritate facere conemur ! 7. Nolite 
hostes certiores facere quid in castris nostris geratur. 
8. Ilia hora cum hostes castra nostra adoriebantur, decima 
legio in conspectum vix venerat. 9. Multi esse potentes 
quam boni malle videntur. 10. Volo quaerere quae hi 
viri tibi dixerint. 11. Succedite, milites, sub aciem, ado- 
rimini hostes, capite signa, ut viri fortes iudiceminl! 
12. Cum dux causam fugae hostium comperisset, ad ves- 
perum tamen in castris remansit. 



230 



Elements of Latin 



IV' 

i. Let us remain at home; do not go to the city. 
2. Toward evening we set out from camp in order to find 
out what was the shortest road to town. 3. Many farm- 
ers wish to live in the city. 4. Would that we had sent 
a lieutenant into hither Gaul to enroll new legions. 5. Live 
well that you may be happy! 6. There are few (men) 
who are willing to live in this place. 7. Since you prefer 
to return home, let us set out. 8. When the enemy 
approach, we shall tear down the bridge. 9. Although I 
understand the difficulty, I have not been able to show it 
to you. 10. Since the road is very difficult, let us set 
out at daybreak. 




CATAPULT 



LESSON LV 

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES 

333. i. A substantive clause is a clause which, as a whole, 
is used as a noun. Note the following examples : 

(i) I fear a calamity. 

(2)1 fear that he will not recover. 

(3) Defeat seems certain. 

(4) That it will ram seems certain. 

In (1) the object of the verb is calamity. In (2) cala7nity is 
replaced by the clause that he will not recover, which is used as 
object of the verb, like a noun, and is therefore a noun or sub- 
stantive clause. 

In (3) the subject of the verb is defeat. In (4) defeat is re- 
placed by the clause that it will rain, which is used as subject 
of the verb, like a noun, and is therefore a noun or substantive 
clause. 

2. In Latin, substantive clauses are commonly used as sub- 
ject or object of the verb. Below are given several important 
kinds which require the subjunctive. 

A. Purpose Clauses 

Substantive clauses of purpose, introduced by ut, that, ne, 
that . . . not, are used as subject or object with verbs meaning 
admonish, request, command, decide, urge, wish, desire, gra?it, and 
the like. 

Monet ut omnes suspiciones vitet, he advises (kirn) to avoid all 
suspicions (literally, that he avoid all suspicions) . 

Nobis imperat ne eamus, he commands us not to go (literally, 
that we may not go). 

231 



232 Elements of Latin 

B. Result Clauses 

Substantive clauses of result, introduced by ut, that, ut . . . 
non, that . . . not, are used : 

1. As subject or object of verbs meaning do, accomplish, and 
the like. 

Efficiam ut intellegatis, / will make you understand (literally, 
I will bring about thai you understand) . 

2. As subject of verbs meaning it happens, it remains, it is 
necessary, it follows, it is added, etc. 

Accidit ut esset luna plena, it happened that the ?tioon was full. 

C. Substantive Clauses with Verbs of Fearing 

Substantive clauses, introduced by ne, that, lest, ut, that . . . 
not, are used as subject or object of verbs meaning fear. 

Timeo ut veniat, I fear that he may not co??ie. 

1. Note carefully the translation of ut and ne in clauses of 
this kind. 

D. Indirect Questions 

This clause, already given in 308, is a substantive clause used 
as subject or object of verbs meaning ask, tell, etc. 

Rogo quid facias, / ask what you are doing. 

334. VOCABULARY 

accidit, ere, accidit, impersonal copiae, arum, f., resources, pos- 

verb, it happe?is, it occurs. sessions. 

admoneo, ere, ui, itus, tvarn, efficio, ere, feci, fectus, make, 

urge. cause, render, bring about. 

Allobroges, Allobrogum, m., a evenio, Ire, venl, venturus, turn 

Gallic tribe. out, result. 

conatus, us, m., attempt, effort. impero, are, avi, atus, command. 



Substantive Clauses 233 

libero, are, avi, atus, free, set posco, ere, poposci, demand, re- 
free, quire. 

Liscus, 1, m., Liscus, a magis- praecipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, com- 

trate of the Haedui. mand, direct. 

luna, ae, f., moon. timeo, ere, ui, fear. 

opto, are, avi, atus, desire. vito, are, avi, atus, avoid. 

plenus, a, \xm,full. 

335. EXERCISES 

I 

(Avoid literal translation. Use the best English possible.) 

I. Imperator suos 1 admonuit ut fortiter pugnarent et 
omnem suspicionem timoris vitarent. 2. Opto ne amici 
mei certiores de his rebus fiant. 3. Munitio effecit 
ut sine magna difficultate oppidum cap! non posset. 

4. His rebus fiebat ut obsides a barbaris interficerentur. 

5. Time5 ne impetu subito urbs expugnetur. 6. Vereor 
ut hie conatus feliciter eveniat. 7. Non compertum est 
quid hostes exspectarent. 8. Efficiam ut tu felix sis. 
9. Helvetii Allobroges 2 coegerunt ut per suos fines eos 
ire paterentur. 10. Caesar suis 1 praecepit ut pontem 
trans Rhenum facerent. n. Cum luna esset non plena, 
accidit ut Germani ea nocte iter facere nollent. 12. Le- 
gati hostium timuerunt ut eas ob causas liberaren- 
tur. 13. Caesar a Lisco quaesivit quid in conventu 
dixisset. 14. Labieno praeceptum erat a Caesare 2 ne 
proelium committeret. 15. Captivi verebantur ne arma 
poscerentur. 

1 With substantive purpose clauses there is frequently another object of the per- 
son, or a dative of the indirect object. 

^ It had been C07nmanded {to) Labienus by Caesar; i.e. Caesar had commanded 
Labienus. 



234 



Elements of Latin 



ii 

i. Orgetorix 1 persuaded the Helvetians to go out of 
their territory with all their possessions. 2. Dumnorix 1 
made these nations give each other hostages. 3. Caesar 1 
warned Dumnorix to avoid all suspicions in the future. 2 
4. I desire : these nations to remain in the friendship of 
the Roman people. 5. For this reason it happened that 
the barbarians did not withstand even the first attack. 
6. Many were fearing that there would not be a supply of 
grain. 7. The Gauls asked what the Roman's name 
was. 8. I fear that you will be unwilling to undertake 
this task. 9. It was ordered 3 that the scouts should set 
out immediately. 10. It happened that no one of the 
enemy perceived the approach of the tenth legion. 

336. READING LESSON — SERVIUS TULLIUS, I 

Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus 
ex nobili fetnina, captiva 4 tamen et famula. Cum in 
domo Tarquinh educaretur, 5 flamma in eius capite visa est. 
Hoc prodigio 6 Tanaquil el summam dignitatem portendit, 
et coniugi 7 persuasit ut eum sicuti liberos suos educaret. 8 
Cum adolevisset, rex el filiam in matrimonium dedit. 

1 Before translating consider what the exact English equivalent of the Latin 
would be. 2 In the future, in reliquum tempus. 3 Cf. I, 14. 4 17, 2. 

6 320. 6 272. 7 240. 8 333, 2) a. 




ARCUS 



LESSON LVI 
INDIRECT DISCOURSE 

337. DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCOURSE 

The words or thoughts of a person may be quoted : 
i. Directly, giving the person's exact words; as, 

He said, ' ' / will come. ' ' 

2. Indirectly, giving the substance, but not the exact words ; as, 

He said that he would come. 

The former method is called " direct discourse," and the latter 
" indirect discourse.'''' 

338. INDIRECT DISCOURSE IN LATIN 
Study the following examples : 

Direct 
Galli vincunt, the Gauls are conquering. 

Indirect 

Dicit Gallos vincere, he says the Gauls to be conquering, he says 
(that) the Gauls are conquering. 

i. Note that, when quoted indirectly after a verb of saying, 
the principal verb of a declarative sentence has become infinitive, 
with the subject in the accusative case. 

2. Note that the exact translation, " He says the Gauls to be 
conquering'''' is very awkward. Good English requires the 
second form of translation, with or without that. There is no 
Latin equivalent of that. 

235 



236 Elements of Latin 

Rule: A principal verb of a declarative sentence in direct 
discourse, when ?nade indirect after a verb of. saying, thinking, know- 
big, perceiving, etc., becomes infinitive with subject accusative. 

339. TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE 

The tenses of the infinitive, like those of the participle (286, 3), 
do not express time absolutely, but relatively to the time desig- 
nated by the verb on which the infinitive depends, thus : 

After a Primary Tense 



Dicit Gallos, 

he says the Gauls 



vincere, a7-e conquering. 
victuros * esse, will conquer. 
vicisse, have conquered. 



After a Secondary Tense 



Dixit Gallos, 

he said the Gauls 



[ vincere, were conquering. 
victuros esse, would conquer. 
vicisse. had conquered. 



Note that 

(1) The present infinitive represents an act as taking place 
at the same time as that expressed by the verb on which it de- 
pends. 

(2) The future infinitive represents an act that is to take place 
at a time later than that expressed by the verb on which it de- 
pends. 

(3) The perfect infinitive represents an act as having taken 
place at a time before that expressed by the verb on which it 
depends. 

Observe carefully the differences in translation of the infini- 
tive after a primary and secondary tense. 

1 Accusative, to agree with the subject, Gallos. 




Indirect Discourse 237 

340. DEPENDENT CLAUSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE 

Rule : In indirect discourse, all dependent clauses take the sub- 
junctive, the tense depending on the verb of saying, ' etc., according 
to the regular rules for the sequence of tenses. 

Dicit Gallos victuros esse si pugnent, he says the Gauls will con- 
quer if they fight. 

Dixit Gallos victuros esse si pugnarent, he said the Gauls would 
conquer if they fought. 

341. VOCABULARY 

circum, prep. gov. ace, around, existimo, are, avi, atus, think, 

about, in the vicinity of believe. 

cis, prep. gov. ace, on this side mirus, a, um, wonderful, sur- 

of prising. 

coniungo, ere, iunxi, iunctus, praedico, are, avi, atus, say, de- 
join, dare. 

consido, ere, sedi, sessus, camp, puto, are, avi, atus, think, sup- 
settle, pose, consider. 

despero, are, avi, atus, despair. semper, always (adv.). 

342. EXERCISES 

I 
1. Cum Gallis bellum non gessi. 2. Ariovistus prae- 
dicavit se cum Gallis bellum non gessisse. 3. Galli 
facile vincent. 4. Puto Gallos facile victurds esse. 
5. Dumnorix de gratia quam habet desperat. 6. Caesar 
cognovit Dumnorigem de gratia quam haberet desperare. 
7. Remi dicunt Germanos qui cis Rhenum incolant sese 
cum Belgis coniunxisse. 8. Ariovistus respondit, " Id 
mihi mirum videtur." 9. Ariovistus respondit id sibi 

1 It will be convenient to refer to the verb of saying, etc., as the governing verb, 
and to the infinitive as the. principal verb. 



238 Elements of Latin 

mlrum video. 10. Caesar dicit se optare ut luna plena 
GermanI impetum faciant. 1 1. Allobroges Caesarem 
certiorem faciunt Germanos obsides poscere et arma pa- 
rare. 12. Liscus dixit Dumnorlgem magnum numerum 
equitatus circum se semper habuisse. 13. Helvetii ex- 
Istimaverunt Romanos timore perterritos a se discessuros 
esse. 14. Eodem die Caesar ab exploratoribus certior 
factus est hostes sub monte consedisse. 15. Imperator 
dicit se legato praecepturum esse ut captivos Hberaret. 

II 
1. We are not able to use the grain which is in the 
fields. 2. The Gauls say they are not able to use the 
grain which is in the fields. 3. The Gauls said they 
were not able to use the grain which was in the fields. 
4. Messengers will come from all parts of the region 
which we have conquered. 5. The Gauls inform Caesar 
that messengers will come from all parts of the region 
which we have conquered. 6. Caesar was informed 
that messengers would come from all parts of the re- 
gion which we had conquered. 7. Caesar learned that 
Dumnorix was the man 2 who had done these things. 
8. Scouts report that the enemy moved camp at day- 
break. 9. I hear that the horses which have been 
carrying grain and other supplies were terrified by the 
fire. 10. Ariovistus said he had crossed the Rhine in 
order to seize the fields which had been given to him. 

343. READING LESSON - SERVIUS TULLIUS, II 

Cum Priscus Tarquinius occisus esset, 2 Tanaquil de su- 
periore parte domus populum allocuta est, dicens regem 3 

1 Use the accusative ; why ? 2 320. 3 256. 



Indirect Discourse 



239 



grave quidem sed non letale vulnus accepisse ; i eum 2 
petere, 1 ut populus, dum convaluisset, 3 Servio 4 Tullio oboe- 
dlret. 5 Sic Servius regnare coepit, sed bene imperium 
administravit. Montes tres urbI G adiunxit. Primus- om- 
nium 7 censum ordinavit. Sub eo Roma habuit capitum 8 
octoginta tria mllia civium Romanorum cum his, qui in 
agris erant. 

1338,2,339. 2 256. 3340. 4 240. s 333, 2j a. 

6 241. "228. * 223; of heads. Cf. " head of cattle." Omit in translating. 




GALLI 



LESSON LVII 
THE INFINITIVE 

344. The infinitive is a verbal noun. As a noun, it may be 
used either as subject or object of a verb. As a verb, it may 
have a subject, or an object, or both. The subject of the 
infinitive, however, is in the accusative. (See 256.) 

345. THE INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT 

The infinitive, with or without a subject accusative, may be 
used as the subject of est, and other verbs used impersonally. 
i. Without Subject Accusative. 

Errare est humanum, 1 to err is human. 

2. With Subject Accusative. 

Equites accedere nuntiatur, it is reported that the horsemen are 
approaching (literally, the horsemen to be app?-o aching is reported}. 

346. THE INFINITIVE AS OBJECT 

i. Without a subject accusative the infinitive is used as 
object of verbs meaning dare, desire, determine, begin, continue, 
end, ought, be able, be accustomed, etc. 

Ire debeo, I ought to go. 

Progredi non audent, they do not dare to advance. 

2. With subject accusative, the infinitive is used as object of 
verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, and perceiving? of iubeo, oi'der, 
veto, forbid, and frequently of sino and patior, permit. 

Dicit Gallos victuros esse, he says {that) the Gauls will conquer. 
Iubeo te ire, I order you to go. 

1 Neuter, singular, nominative, predicate adjective, limiting errare. 

2 This is the regular construction of indirect discourse ; cf. 338. 

240 



The Infinitive 241 

347. VOCABULARY 

accedo, ere, cessi, cessurus. ap- metior, Iri, mensus sum, measure 

proach. out, distribute. 

alo, ere, alui, altus, support, morior, 1, mortuus sum, die. 

maintain. oportet, ere, uit, it behooves, is 

constat, it is evident. fitting. 

erro, are, avi, atus, err, be mis- sino, ere, sivi, situs, permit, 

taken. allow. 

humanus, a, um, human; civ- sumptus, us, m., expense. 

ilized, cultivated. Ubii, 6 rum, m., the Ubii, a Ger- 

licet, licere, licuit, it is permitted. man tribe. 

348. EXERCISES 

I 

1. Cum RomanI vlco appropinquarent, incolae flumen 
translre parabant. 2. Difficile est perlcula belli vitare. 
3. Putatur virtus magna pro patria mori. 4. Imperator 
iussit milites, nunc de salute desperantes, esse bono animo. 

5. Caesarl nuntiatum est Ariovistum in Gallia consedisse. 

6. Legati petiverunt ut sibi id facere liceret. 7. Ne 
sinamus has gentes cum Belgis se coniungere. 8. Accidit 
ut eo die Helvetii castra movere constituissent. 9. Ex- 
istimo te de causa huius morae errare. 10. Nos militibus 
frumentum metiri oportet. 11. Conatum facere constitu- 
imus atque imperabimus civibus ut omnes copias suas in 
unum locum cdgant. 12. Constat Dumnorigem magnum 
numerum equitatus suo sumptu semper alere. 13. Ari- 
ovisto praedicatum est Caesarem eum in Gallia manere 
pati non posse. 14. Ubii dicuntur esse humaniores aliis 
Germanis. 15. Ad oppidum accedere est facile; sed 
difficillimum est id capere. 



242 Elements of Latin 

ii 

I. The commander had decided to place four legions in 
winter quarters in the vicinity of Aquileia. 2. It is said 
that the Germans are wintering on this side of the Rhine. 
3. Caesar is informed by Labienus that all the Belgians 
are conspiring against the Roman people. 4. We 1 ought 
to cross the river at once. 5. It is not easy to overcome 
a powerful enemy. 6. We did not dare to trust those 
envoys. 7. The scout said that Labienus had taken the 
enemy's largest town. 8. It will not be safe to make a 
march through the narrow pass. 9. It is believed that 
two legions have been taken by the barbarians. 10. It 
will not be difficult to accomplish this task. 

349. READING LESSON — SERVIUS TULLIUS, III 

Hie rex interfectus est scelere filiae, Tulliae, et Tarquinii 
Superbi, filii eius regis cui 2 Servius successerat. Nam ab 
ipso Tarquinio 3 de gradibus curiae deiectus, cum domum 4 
fugeret, 5 interfectus est. Tullia in forum properavit, et 
prima coniugem regem 6 salutavit. Cum domum rediret, 
aurlgam 7 super patris corpus in via iacens 8 carpentum 
agere 9 iussit. 

1 Cf. I, 10. 2 241. 3 266. 4 297, 1. 6 320. 6 254 ; as king. 
7 256. 8 Neuter, sing, ace., agreeing with corpus. 9 346, 2. 




ANULUS 



LESSON LVIII 
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 

350. A conditional sentence consists of two clauses, a condi- 
tion, usually introduced by if or unless, and a conclusion, — 

thus : 

If he goes, I shall stay home. 

The condition or " if" clause is known as the protasis, and 
the conclusion is known as the apodosis. 

351. CLASSES OP CONDITIONAL SENTENCES IN LATIN 

Conditions in Latin may be conveniently divided into three 
classes, as follows : 

I. Simple Conditions 

Si pacem faciunt, obsides dant, if they make peace, they give 
hostages. 

Si pacem facient, obsides dabunt, if they {shall) make peace, 
they will give hostages. 

Si pacem fecerunt, obsides dederunt, if they made peace, they 
gave hostages. 

Notice that the above examples are merely suppositions in 
present, future, or past time. There is nothing to indicate 
whether or not the protasis is true. 

Rule : In sirnple conditions, not indicating the truth or falsity 
of the protasis, both clauses take the indicative. 

II. Future Doubtful Conditions 



Si pacem faciant, obsides dent, if they should make peace, they 

243 



would give hostages. 



244 Elements of Latin 

Notice that this is a supposition in future time, but that 
the use of the present subjunctive (translated by should . . . 
would) indicates doubt as to whether the protasis will come 
true. 

Rule : In future conditions, indicating doubt of the truth of the 
protasis, both clauses take the present subjunctive, translated by 
should . . . would. 

III. Contrary to Fact Conditions 

Si pacem f acerent, obsides darent, if they were making peace, they 
would be giving hostages. 

Si pacem fecissent, obsides dedissent, if they had made peace, 
they would have given hostages. 

Notice that the protasis of these conditions is evidently un- 
true or contrary to the facts of the case. In the first example, 
the imperfect subjunctive is used in both clauses, and expresses 
present time. In the second example, the pluperfect subjunc- 
tive is used, and expresses past time. 

Rule: In contrary to fact conditions, indicating that the prot- 
asis is untrue, both clauses take the subjunctive, the imperfect to 
express present time, the pluperfect to express past time. 

352. VOCABULARY 

alienus, a, um, foreign, strange. inimicus, a, um, unfriendly, hos- 
beatus, a, um, happy. tile. 

bellicosus, a, um, warlike. nisi, unless, if . . . not (conj.). 

cura, ae, f., care, attention. numquam, never (adv.). 

ciistodio, ire, ivi, itus, guard. pareo, ere, parui, pariturus, obey. 

effugio, ere, fiigi, fugiturus, persequor, i, secutus sum, follow 

escape. up, pursue. 

fidelis, fidele, faithful. si, if (conj.). 

finitimus, i, m., neighbor. victor, victoris, m., victor. 



Conditional Sentences 245 

353. EXERCISES 

I 

1. Si hostes persequemur, magnum eorum numerum 
capiemus. 2. Si hostes persequamur, magnum eorum 
numerum capiamus. 3. Si equites hostes persecuti es- 
sent, magnus numerus captus esset. 4. Si vincemur, im- 
perio victorum parebimus. 5. Nisi incolae anna sua 
tradiderunt, Caesar eos in deditionem non accepit. 6. Nisi 
incolae anna sua tradidissent, Caesar eos in deditionem 
non accepisset. 7. Si in Germania es, multos mores 
alienos vides. 8. Si in Gerrnaniam eas, multos mores 
alienos videas. 9. Si per provinciam iter facere cona- 
bimini, vos prohibebo. 10. Si id flat, provincia homines 
bellicosos, populi RomanI inimicds finitimos habeat. 
11. Si hi liberi sunt boni, sunt beati. 12. Si hi llberi 
fuissent boni, els dona dedissem. 13. Si socii vestrl es- 
sent viri fortes, els auxilium nunc daretis. 14. Si captivi 
effugerunt, magna cum cura non custodiebantur. 15. Nisi 
socii nostrl essent fideles, hostes non nunc vinceremus. 
16. Si Romam earn, discedere numquam velim. 

II 

I. If the Ubii settle on this side of the river, the Ro- 
mans will drive them out. 2. If you should urge me, I 
would do those things which you wish me to do. 3. The 
valor of the soldiers would have rendered the war easy, if 
the best commander had not died. 4. Rome would seem 
wonderful to us, if it were a foreign city. 5. Unless I 
am greatly mistaken, your friends are in the vicinity of 
Geneva. 6. If you will come with me, I will distribute 
presents to the children. 7. Unless I wished to do these 



246 



Elements of Latin 



things, I would not do them. 8. If you were happy, your 
friends would be happier. 9. Unless the road should be 
easy, we should not be able to go with heavy baggage. 
10. If our neighbors had not been hostile, we should never 
have attacked them. 



354. READING LESSON — TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, I 

Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus 1 meruit. 
Bello 2 tamen strenuus plures finitimorum populorum 3 
vicit. Templum Iovis in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea, 
cum Ardeam oppugnaret, 4 urbem Latil, imperium perdidit. 
Nam cum filius eius Lucretiae, 5 nobilissimae feminae, con- 
iugi Tarquinii Collatini, vim 6 f ecisset, haec se ipsa occidit 
in conspectu mariti, patris, et amlcorum, postquam e5s 
obtestata est, ut hanc iniuriam ulciscerentur. 7 



1272. 2 282. 3 223. 4 320. 

6 vim f ecisset, had made a violent attack. " 333, 2, A. 



5 239. 




AGGER 



LESSON LIX 
THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE ; THE SUPINE 

355. THE GERUND 

The gerund is a verbal noun. As a noun, its four cases, 
genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative, are used in various 
case relations, while, as a verb, it may take an object. 

Examples 

Genitive : Amor pugnandi, love of fighting. 

Consilium bellum gerendi, a plan of ivaging war. 
Dative : Dixit diem colloquendo, he appointed a day for con- 

ferring. 
Accusative : Paratus ad proficiscendum, ready for setting out. 
Ablative : Bellum gerendo, by waging war. 

Note : The gerund with an object is used only in the genitive, and 
in the ablative without a preposition. 

356. THE GERUNDIVE 

The gerundive is a verbal adjective. It is chiefly used as 
follows : 

i. In the passive periphrastic conjugation. 

2. In what is called the gerundive construction, to avoid the 
use of a direct object with the gerund. Note the following 
examples : 

Gerund with Direct Object : 

Consilium pacem faciendi, a plan of making peace. 

Gerundive Construction : 

Consilium pacis faciendae, a plan of making peace (liter- 
ally, of peace to be made). 

247 



248 Elements of Latin 

(a) Notice that in the second example the noun pacis is in 
the same case as the gerund in the first example, and that the 
gerundive faciendae agrees with pacis. 

(b) The gerundive construction is much more common than 
the gerund with an object. 

(c) The gerundive construction is frequently used with ad to 
express purpose ; as, 

Venerunt ad pacem petendam, they came to seek peace (literally, 
for peace to be sought). 

357. EXERCISE 

Following the suggestion in 356, 2 (a), change the following 
to the gerundive construction : 

1. Bellum gerendl. 2. Patriam amandi. 3. Libros 

scribendo. 

358. THE SUPINE 

1 . Rule : The supine in -um is used with verbs of motion to 
express purpose. 

Venerunt rogatum auxilium, they came to ask aid. 

2. Rule : The supine in -u is used with facilis. difficilis, optimus, 
and a feiu other adjectives as an ablative of specification. 

Hae res sunt faciles factii, these things are easy to do (literally, 
in respect to doing). 

359. VOCABULARY 

amor, amoris, m., love. consuesco, ere, suevi, suetus, be 
ars, artis, f., art, science. accustomed. 

Athenae, arum, f. pi., Athens. consumo, stimere, sumpsi, sump- 
celeber, Celebris, celebre, cele- tus, use up, consume, 

brated, famous. disco, ere, didici, learn. 



The Gerund and Gerundive; The Supine 249 

ineo, ire, ii, itus, enter ; form (a sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus, take, 

plan ) . get, gather. 

lego, ere, legi, lectus, read. trecenti, ae, a, three hundred. 
scribo, ere, scrips!, scriptus,z£//7/<?. 

360. EXERCISES 

I 

1. Equites ad persequendum parati sunt. 2. Hanc 
occasionem effugiendi sumamus. 3. Libros scribendo 
multi viri flunt celebres. 4. Ars legendl est non difficilis 
cognitu. 5. Trecentos equites ad hostes persequendos 
praemisl. 6. Praemlsl trecentos equites persecutum 
hostes. 7. Trecentos equites qui hostes persequerentur 
praemisl. 8. Amor patriae cupiditatem pugnandl auget. 

9. Multi Roman! discendl causa Athenas Ire consueverunt. 

10. Hie collis ad castra ponenda est locus idoneus. 
n. Omnes barbarT consilia de bell5 gerendo inierunt. 
12. Pauci viri ad frumentum ex agris sumendum rus pro- 
fecti sunt. 13. Pauci viri rus profecti sunt sumptum 
frumentum ex agris. 14. Consilium urbis expugnandae 
ineamus. 15. In his rebus conficiendis duo annl con- 
sumpti sunt. 

II 

1. Our warlike neighbors are skilled in 1 fighting. 
2. By pursuing the conquered enemy, our allies gave us 
great help. 3. If you should have an opportunity of 
escaping, you would be fortunate. 4. By supporting 
cavalry at his (own) expense, Dumnorix made himself 
powerful. 5. Let us choose a mountain suitable for 
making a fortification. 6. Caesar sent envoys to the 

1 What case? See 229. 



250 



Elements of Latin 



Allobroges to seek peace. 1 7. If they overcome us by 
fighting, we shall never obey the victor. 8. The leader 
said this was the best thing to do. 9. Labienus re- 
mained a few days for the sake of guarding the captives. 
10. These tribes are ignorant of fighting and know 
nothing of 2 waging war. 



361. READING LESSON — TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS, II 

Hanc ob causam L. Brutus, Collatinus, aliique n5nnulll 
in exitium regis coniuraverunt, populoque 3 persuaserunt, 
ut el 4 portas urbis clauderet. 5 Exercitus quoque, qui 
civitatem Ardeam cum rege 6 oppugnabat, eum reliquit. 
Fugit itaque cum uxore 6 et llberls suis. 

Ita Romae 7 regnatum est per septem reges, annos 8 
ducentos quadraginta tres. 



1 Express in three ways. 
5 333, 2, A. 6 276. 



2 of— concerning. 
297,3. 6 255. 



3 240. 



4 239. 



m^' 




CASTELLUM 



LESSON LX 
REVIEW OF LESSONS LV-LIX ; FERO 

362. EXERCISE 

Review the rules of syntax in the last five lessons. 



363. 


CONJUGATION 


OF 


FERO 








Fero, bear, 


carry 








Principal 


Parts 




Pres. Indic. Pees. 


[nfin. 


Pekb 


. Indic. 


Peef. Part. 


fero 


ferre 


tuli 


latus 




ACTIVE 






PASSIVE 






Indicative 






Pres. 


fero 


ferimus 




feror 


ferimur 




fers 


fertis 




ferris (-re) 


ferimini 




. fert 


ferunt 




fertur 


feruntur 


Imp. 


ferebam 






ferebar 




Fut. 


* feram 






ferar 




Per/. 


tuli 






latus sum 




Plup. 


tuleram 






latus eram 




Fut P. 


tulero 


Subjunct 


ive 


latus ero 




Pres. 


feram 






ferar 




Imp. 


ferrem 






ferrer 




Per/. 


tulerim 






latus sim 




Plup. 


tulissem 






latus essem 


t 



251 



252 Elements of Latin 





ACTIVE 

Imperative 


PASSIVE 


Pres. 


fer ferte 


ferre ferimini 


Fut. 


ferto fertote 


fertor 




ferto ferunto 


fertor feruntor 




Infinitive 




Pres. 


ferre 


ferri 


Perf. 


tulisse 


latus esse 


Fut. 


laturus esse 

Participles 


latum Irl 


Pres. 


ferens, -entis 


Perf. latus 


Fut. 


laturus 


Gerundive ferendus 




Gerund 


Supine 


ferendl, -do, -dum, -do 


latum, latu 



364. NOTE ON CONJUGATION 

The irregularity of fero consists of dropping the vowel pre- 
ceding the ending in certain forms of the present indicative, of 
the imperative, and in the imperfect subjunctive and present 
infinitive. Otherwise it is a regular verb of the third conjugation. 

365. EXERCISE 

Learn the meaning of fero, and of the compounds given below, 
and review vocabularies 334, 341, 347, 352, 359. 

366. IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OP FERO 

affero, ferre, attuli, allatus, bring. 

aufero, ferre, abstuli, ablatus, take away. 

infero, ferre, intuli, illatus, bring upon, bring against. 

perfero, ferre, tuli, latus, carry through, endure. 

refero, ferre, rettuli, relatus, bring back. 



Review of Lessons LV-LIX 



253 





367. 


EXERCISES 

T 


I. 


Feres. 


1 

9- 


Ferendo. 


2. 


Ferres. 


10. 


Inferretur. 


3- 


Ferre. 


11. 


Relatum sit. 


4- 


Tulerim. 


12. 


Allatus esse. 


5- 


Perferendi. 


13- 


I^atum Irl. 


6. 


AfTerebatur. 


14. 


Ablatu. 


7- 


Auferimim. 


IS- 


Perferens. 


8. 


Attulisse. 


16. 


Auferatur. 


1. 


To bring. 


II 
9- 


To be carried. 


2. 


To have endured. 


10. 


To be about to endure. 


3- 


Of bringing. 


11. 


I may take away. 


4- 


He would carry. 


12. 


You would have brought 


5- 


He may bring. 


r 3- 


About to bear. 


6. 


They shall bring. 


14. 


Of taking away. 


7- 


You will endure. 


iS- 


He had brought. 


8. 


You shall endure. 


16. 


To have been carried. 



Ill 

1. Intellegimus multas nationes alienas a Romanis su- 
peratas esse. 2. Constat Athenas fuisse urbem celebrem. 
3. Contumelias nationum inimicarum diutius perferre n5n 
possumus. 4. C5pias harum gentium consuml non 
oportet. 5. Libris legendis homines discendl cupidi flunt. 
6. Si negotium facile factu sit, idne facias ? 7. Si tuus 
patriae amor maior f uisset, fortius pugnavisses. 8. Vereor 
ut satis fortis ad calamitates perferendas sis. 9. Factum 
est ut milites ad iter faciendum parati essent. 10. Caesar 
dixit se diem ad eas res conficiendas sumpturum esse. 



254 



Elements of Latin 



II. N5nne putas e5s qui bonl sint esse beatos ? 12. Non 
licet has res ex urbe auferre. 13. Socii nostrl sunt tarn 
fideles ut hostibus bellum sine timore Inferamus. 14. Ll- 
berl Romani trecentos annos haec discere consueverunt. 

IV 

1. If you had wished to go to Rome, you would have 
been able to. 2. The farmer's son went into the field to 
find the horse. 3. I think that this island which we can 
see will be easy to capture. 4. By reading you will make 
your memory better. 5. I fear that the barbarians are 
forming a plan for (the purpose of) tearing down the bridge. 
6. To prepare for waging war is difficult, but to wage war 
is more difficult. 7. If this happens, I shall command 
my men to make the attempt at once. 8. He brought 
(it) about that these things turned out well. 9. It is not 
fitting for a boy to demand such things. 10. Bring your 
book to me. 




CARRUS 



THE STORY OF THE HELVETIAN WAR 



To the PUPIL: — In the following pages is given an account, largely in 
Caesar's own words, of his war against the Helvetians, the first people he 
subdued in Gaul. 



I. 



GAUL AND ITS INHABITANTS 



Gallia est omnis 1 dlvlsa 2 in partes tres. Harum 3 
unam 4 incolunt Belgae, 5 aliam Aqultanl, tertiam Celtae, 
qui lingua 6 nostra Galli 7 appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, 8 
Institutis, legibus inter se 9 differunt. Garumna flumen 
Gallos ab Aqultanls 10 dividit, atque Matrona et Sequana 
Gallos a Belgis dividunt. 

Horum 3 omnium fortissiml sunt Belgae, propterea quod 
a. cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt, et 
mercatores ea, 4 quae 11 ad effeminandos 12 animos perti- 
nent, non important ; proximique sunt Germanis, 13 qui 
trans Rhenum incolunt, quibuscum continenter bellum 
gerunt. Helvetil quoque reliquos Gallos virtute 8 praece- 
dunt, quod fere cotldianis proeliis G cum Germanis 14 conten- 
dunt, cum aut suis finibus 10 eos prohibent aut ipsi in 
eorum 15 finibus 16 bellum gerunt. 

i as a whole. 2 4 t 2j note . 3 223. * 10, i. s 4, i. o 273. " 254, i. 
8 280. 9 from each other. io 265. n 113, 2. 12 356,2. 13 250. u 276. 
15 221. 16 296,3. 



II. 



ORGETORIX ROUSES THE HELVETIANS 



Apud Helvetios longe nobilissimus 1 fuit et ditissimus 
Orgetorlx. 2 Is, M. Messala 3 et M. Plsone 3 consulibus, 3 
regnl 4 cupiditate 5 inductus 6 coniurationem nobilitatis fecit. 

255 



256 Elements of Latin 

Ovitatl 7 persuasit ut de fmibus 8 suis cum omnibus copiis 9 
exirent. 10 Els f acilius persuasit, quod undique loci natura u 
Helvetii continentur: una ex parte flumine Rheno, latis- 
simo 12 atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanls 13 
dividit; altera ex parte monte Iura altissimo, qui est inter 
Sequanos et Helvetios; tertia lacu Lemanno et flumine 
Rhodano, qui provinciam nostram ab Helvetils dividit. 
Pro 14 multitudine hominum Helvetii angustos se 15 fines 16 
habere 17 arbitrabantur. Fines e5rum 18 in longitudinem 
mllia 19 passuum 20 CCXL, in latitudinem CLXXX patebant. 

1 4, 2, note. 2 4,i. 3 287, 4; M. Messala and M. Piso {being) consuls; 
i.e. in the consulship of ... , etc. 4 228. 5 272. 6 286, 2, a. With what 

does inductus agree ? "240. 8 296,2. 9 276. i° 333, 2, A. 11 273. 
12 77, 1. 13 265. 14 in proportion to, considering. 15 256. 16 10, I. 
i' 338, 2, Rule. 18 221. 19 255. 20 223. 

III. PREPARATIONS OF THE HELVETIANS; THE SCHEME 

OP ORGETORIX 

Helvetii, his rebus 2 adductl 2 et auctoritate Orgetorigis 
permotl, constituerunt ea, 3 quae 4 ad proficlscendum 5 perti- 
nerent 6 comparare. 7 Constituerunt iumentorum 8 et carro- 
rum quam maximum 9 numerum coemere, sementes quam 
maximas facere, ut in itinere copia friimentl suppeteret, 10 
cum proximls clvitatibus n pacem et amlcitiam conflrmare. 

Ad eas res conficiendas n Orgetorlx dux 13 deligitur 14 
atque legationem ad clvitates suscipit. 14 In eo itinere per- 
suadet 14 Castico, 15 duel 16 Sequanorum, ut regnum in clvi- 
tate sua occuparet 17 ; itemque Dumnorlgl, duel Haeduorum, 
ut idem conaretur, persuadet. 14 I Ills 18 probat 14 id 19 esse 20 
perfacile 21 f actu, 22 quod ipse suae clvitatis imperium obten- 
turus esset, 23 quae totlus Galliae plurimum posset. 24 Con- 
firmat 14 se 19 suo exercitii 25 illls 18 auxilium daturum 20 esse. 



The Story of the Helvetian War 257 

Hac oratione adducti, 26 inter se fidem et ius iurandum 27 
dant. 14 Regno 28 occupato, imperio 29 totius Galliae sese 19 
potlturos ^ esse sperant. 14 

1 272. 2 286, 2, a. 3 io, 1 ; object of comparare. * ii3 ( 2 . 5 355. 
6 Translate by indicative. J" 346, i. 8 223. 9 77, 2, <$. i° 310. 

n 276. 12 356, 2, c. 13 254, 1. 14 In rapid narrative, the present tense is 
often used in speaking of past actions, and may be followed by the secondary 
sequence. Translate by the English past tense. 15 240. 1G 17, 2. ir 333, 
2, A. i 8 239. 19 256. 20 338, 2, rule. 21 4, 2( note; agrees with id; 

what case ? 22 358, 2. 23340. 24 plurimum posset, was able the most, i.e. 
was the most pozverful. 25 273. 26 Agrees with the subject. ' 27 fidem et 
ius iurandum, a pledge of good faith. 28 287, 3. 29 274. 

IV. TRIAL AND DEATH OP ORGETORIX 

Ea res Helvetiis 1 per indicium 2 enuntiata est et Orge- 
torigem 3 ex vinculls causam dicere coegerunt. Die 4 con- 
stituta causae 5 dictionis OrgetorTx ad iudicium omnem 
suam familiam, ad hominum 6 milia decern, undique coegit 
et omnes clientes obaeratosque suos, quorum magnum 
numerum habebat, eodem conduxit. Per eos se eripuit. 
Civitas, ob earn rem incitata, 7 armis 8 ius suum exsequi 9 
conata est. Cum autem magistrates multitudinem homi- 
num cogerent, 10 Orgetorlx mortuus est. Helvetii arbi- 
trantur ipsum 11 sibi 11 mortem 11 conscivisse. 11 

1 239. 2 through information, i.e. through infor?ners. 3 256. 4 287, 2. 
5 228. 6 223. '286, 2, a. 8 273. 9 346, 1. i° 320. n 338, 1, 2; 

that he decreed death to himself i.e. that he committed suicide. 

V. PREPARATIONS OP THE HELVETIANS 

Post eius mortem nihilo l minus, 2 Helvetii e finibus 3 suls 
exlre constituerunt. Ubi iam se 4 ad earn rem paratos 5 
esse arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia numero 6 ad duodecim, 
vicos ad quadringent5s incendunt. Ita domum 7 redi- 



258 Elements of Latin 

tionis 8 spem sustulerunt ut paratiores 9 ad omnia pericula 
subeunda 10 essent. 11 

Persuadent Rauracls 12 et Tulingls et Latobrigis flniti- 
mls 13 utl eodem consilio 14 utantur 15 et una cum els pro- 
ficlscantur. 15 Boios, 16 qui trans Rhenum incoluerant, 
socios 17 receperunt. . 

1 268. 2 less by nothing (nihilo), i.e. nevertheless. 3 296, 2. 4 256. 5 4, 2, 
note ; why accusative ? 6 280. 7 297, 1. 8 228. 9 4, 2, note. 1° 356, 2; to 
undergo all dangers. 11 310. I 2 240. 1 3 17, 2. "274. 15 333, 2, A. 16 10, 

1. 1 7 In apposition with Boios : They received the Boii as comrades. 

VI. THE TWO ROUTES OF DEPARTURE 

Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus 1 itineribus 2 domo 3 
exire possent. 4 Unum erat per Sequanos, angustum 5 et 
difficile, inter montem Iuram et flumen Rhodanum quo 1 
vix singull cam ducerentur 6 ; mons autem altissimus im- 
pendebat ut facile perpaucl eos prohibere possent. 7 Al- 
terum erat per prdvinciam nostram, multo 8 facilius, 9 
propterea quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum, 
qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit, isque nonnullls 
locis 10 vado transitur. Allobroges, qui proximi Helvetiis u 
sunt, nondum bono anim5 12 in populum Romanum erant. 
Helvetii igitur existimabant Allobrogibus 13 sese persua- 
suros esse ut per su5s fines eos Ire paterentur. Omnibus 
rebus u ad profectionem comparatls, diem dlcunt qua die 15 
ad rlpam RhodanI omnes conveniant. 16 

1 273. 2 Omit in translating. 3 297, 2. 4 315. 5 angustum: in 

agreement with unum (iter). 6 315 ; q U 5 t . , ducerentur, by which carts 
could scarcely be drawn in single file. "> 314. 8 268; multo facilius, easier 
by much, i.e. much easier. 9 facilius agrees with alterum (iter). 10 nonnul- 
lls locis, in some places ; locus may omit the preposition in expressing place 
where. n 250. 1 2 281. 13 240. 14 287, 3. i5 282; on which (day). 
16 316. 



The Story of the Helvetian War 259 

VII. CAESAR PREPARES TO CHECK THE HELVETIANS 

Cum Caesar cognovisset 1 eos 2 per provinciam nostram 
iter facere conari, 3 maturat 4 ab urbe proficlsci, 5 et quam 
maximls 6 itineribus in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad 7 
Genavam pervenit. Erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio 
una. In provincia igitur quam maximum numerum militum 
conscribit, et pontem, 2 qui erat ad Genavam, iubet rescind!. 8 
Ubi de eius adventu Helvetii certiores 9 facti sunt, legatos 
ad eum mittunt, nobilissim5s civitatis, cuius legationis 
Nammeius et Verucloetius principem locum obtinebant. 
Hi legatl dixerunt se velle 10 iter per provinciam facere 
propterea quod aliud iter haberent u nullum. Rogaverunt 
ut eius voluntate id 12 sibi 13 facere 14 liceret. 15 

Caesar autem non existimabat homines inimico animo, 16 
f acultate 17 data per provinciam itineris faciendi, 18 tempera- 
tur5s esse ab iniuria. Tamen, quod omnes milites non- 
dum convenerant, respondit se diem ad deliberandum 19 
sumpturum esse. Praecepit legatis ut paucis postdiebus 20 
reverterentur. 21 

1320. 2 256. 3 338, 2, Rule. 4 m aturat; see note (14) on deligitur, 
III. This use of the present tense is very common, and occurs several times in 
this section. It is called the historical present, and may be followed by either the 
primary or secondary tenses. 5 346, 1. 6 77, 2, b. 7 in the vicinity of, 

8 346,2. 9 254, 1 ; 263. w se velle, 338, 2, Rule. n 340. « id, 
object of facere. 13 239 ; after liceret. M 345, 1. is 333, 2, A. "281, 
17 287, 3. 18 itineris faciendi, 356, 2. w 355. 20 268. 21 333 ( 2 , A. 

VIII. CAESAR FORTIFIES THE RHONE 

Interea a lacu x Lemann5, qui in flumen Rbodanum in- 
fluit, ad montem 2 Iuram, qui fines Sequanorum ab Helve- 
tiis 3 dividit, murum fossamque perducit. 4 Hie murus erat 
in altitudinem sedecim pedum. 5 Ed opere 6 perfecto prae- 



260 Elements of Latin 

sidia disponit et castella communit quibus 7 hostes pro- 
hibere posset. 8 

Ubi ea dies quam 9 c5nstituerat cum legatls venit, et 
legati ad eum reverterunt, negat se 10 iter per provinciam 
ulli 11 dare posse, 10 et dixit, " Si vim facere conabimini, 12 
vos prohibebo." 12 Helvetii, ea spe 13 deiecti, navibus 14 
ratibusque et vadis Rhodani perrumpere conati sunt. 
Munitione et militum concursu et telis repulsi hoc co- 
natu 13 destiterunt. 

i 296, 2. ^ 296, i. 3 265. 4 Historical present. 5 227, a. 6 287, 
2,3. 7 273. §316. 9 113,2. io se posse, 338, 2, Rule. n 239. 
12 351, I. 13 ea spe deiecti, cast down from this hope, i.e. disappointed in this 

hope; spe, 265. 14 273. 



IX. THE HELVETIANS ARRANGE TO TAKE THE OTHER 

ROUTE 

Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua, 1 Sequanis 2 
invitis, propter angustias ire non poterant. His 3 cum ipsi 
persuadere non possent, 4 Dumnorigem Haeduum mittunt 5 
qui a Sequanis impetraret. 6 Dumnorix apud Sequanos 
plurimum poterat 7 et Helvetiis 8 erat amicus, quod ex ea 
civitate Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat. 9 Is, 
cupiditate 10 regni n adductus, novis rebus 12 studebat et 
quam plurimas civitates sibi 13 arnicas 14 esse volebat. Ita- 
que rem suscipit et a Sequanis impetrat ut per fines suos 
Helvetios ire patiantur. 15 

1 273. 2 Sequanis invitis, 287, 4. 3 240. 4 321. 6 Historical pres- 
ent. 6 316. 7 plurimum poterat, was able very much , i.e. was very powerful. 
8 250. 9 in matrimonium duxerat, had led into matrimony \ i.e. had married. 

10 272. n 228. 12 240. 13 Compare with Helvetiis, above. 1 4 4, 2, 

Note ; agreeing with civitates. 15 333, 2, B. 



The Story of the Helvetian War 261 

X. CAESAR MAKES FURTHER PREPARATIONS 

Caesar cognovit Helvetiis 1 esse 2 in animo per agrum 
Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in Santonum fines facere. 3 
Santones non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae 
civitas 4 est in provincia. Caesar nolebat provinciam 5 
homines 6 bellicosos, populi Roman! inimic5s flnitimos 7 
habere. Ob eas causas el munition! 8 quam fecerat, 
T. Labienum 9 legatum praeficit. Ipse in Italiam magnis 
itineribus 10 contendit duasque ibi legiones conscrlbit, et 
tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis 
educit et qua proximum iter in ulteriorem Galliam per 
Alpes erat, cum his qulnque legionibus n Ire contendit. 
Paucls diebus 12 exercitum ducit in Segusiavos, qui sunt 
extra provinciam trans Rhodanum natio prima. 

1 Helvetiis esse in animo . . . iter . . . facere, {that) to make a march was in 
mind to the Helvetians, i.e. {that) the Helvetians had in mind to make a march. 
Helvetiis, 249. 2 338, 2, Rule. 3 345, 1; facere is subject of esse, taking 
the place of the subject accusative. 4 quae civitas, which state, i.e. a state which. 
The antecedent is here, as often, in the relative clause. 5 256. 6 Object of habere. 
7 In apposition with homines; {as) neighbors. s 241. 9 10, 1. 10 magnis 
itineribus, by forced marches. n 276. 12 282. 

XL THE HAEDUI AND OTHERS ASK FOR AID 

Helvetii iam per angustias et fines Sequanorum suas 
copias traduxerant, et in Haeduorum fines pervenerant 
eorumque agros populabantur. Haedul, cum se suaque 1 
ab els defendere non possent, 2 legatos ad Caesarem mit- 
tunt rogatum 3 auxilium. Dlxerunt paene in conspectu 
exercitus nostrl eorum agros 4 vastarl, 5 liberos 4 in servitu- 
tem abducl, 5 oppida 4 expugnarl 5 non debuisse. 6 Eodem 
tempore, 7 AmbarrI, necessaril et consanguinel Haeduorum, 
Caesarem certiorem 8 faciunt sese non facile ab oppidls 9 
vim hostium prohibere. Item Allobroges, qui trans 



262 Elements of Latin 

Rhodanum vlcos possessionesque habebant, querebantur. 
Quibus rebus adductus, Caesar non diutius exspectandum 10 
esse sibi 11 statuit. 

1 sua, their (things), i.e. their property. 2 321. 3 358, I. 4 Subjects 
of debuisse. 5 Objects of debuisse. 6 338, 1, 2; translate: their lands ought 
not to have been laid waste, etc. 7 282. 8 254 ; certiorem faciunt is followed 
by the construction of indirect discourse. 9 265. 10 non diutius . . . statuit, 
decided (it) ought not to be waited by him any longer, i.e. decided he ought not to wait 
any longer. Exspectandum esse, 247. u 248. 

XII. DESTRUCTION OF THE TIGURINI 

Flumen est Arar, quod per fines Haeduorum et Sequa- 
norum in Rhodanum Influit, incredibill lenitate, 1 ita ut oculis, 
in utram partem fluat, 2 iudicari non possit. 3 Id Helvetii 
ratibus 4 ac lintribus iunctis translbant. Per exploratores 
Caesar certior 5 f actus est tres iam partes copiarum Hel- 
vetiarum id flumen transiisse, 6 quartam fere partem citra 
flumen Ararim reliquam 7 esse. 6 De tertia vigilia cum 
iegionibus 8 tribus e castrls prof ectus, 9 ad earn partem per- 
venit, quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos impeditos et 
inoplnantes aggressus, 9 magnam partem eorum concidit ; 
reliquT sese f ugae 10 mandaverunt atque in proximas silvas 
abdiderunt. 11 

Omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est. 
Hie pagus unus, qui appellabatur Tigurinus, 12 patrum nos- 
trorum memoria, 13 L. Cassium consulem interf ecerat et eius 
exercitum sub iugum mlserat. Ita sive casu M slve consilio 
deorum immortalium, ea pars civitatis Helvetiae quae insig- 
nem calamitatem populd 15 Romano intulerat, princeps 16 
poenas persolvit. 

1 275. 2 333, 2, D ; the clause in utram partem fluat is subject of possit. 
3314. 4287,2; ratibus . . . iunctis, by joining rafts, etc. 5 254,1. 6338, 
1, 2. " 4, 2, note. 8 276. 9 Participle, nominative, agreeing with the subject. 
10 239. 1:L in proximas silvas abdiderunt, hid in the nearest woods. Silvas is 
the accusative because the idea is they went into the woods and hid. 12 254, 1. 
13 282; within the memory . 14 272. 15 241. 16 princeps, adj. agreeing with pars. 



The Story of the Helvetian War 263 

XIII. THE HELVETIAN EMBASSY; A CAVALRY BATTLE 

Hoc proelio 1 facto, ut reliquas copias Helvetiorum con- 
sequi posset, 2 Caesar pontem in Ararl facit 3 atque ita 
exercitum traducit. Helvetii, repentlno eius 4 adventu B 
commoti, 6 legatos ad eum mittunt. Hi legatl eum perter- 
rere conantur, et multa 7 de virtute sua atque de calami- 
tate vetere, quam Tigurlnl Cassio 8 intulerant, dlcunt. 
Caesar autem postulat ut Helvetii domum 9 revertantur, 10 
et alias pads condiciones accipere non vult. 

Postero die 11 castra ex eo loco movent. Idem Caesar 
facit, equitatumque omnem, ad numerum quattuor mi- 
lium, 12 quern ex omni provincia et Haeduls atque eorum 
socils coegerat, praemittit qui videant 13 quas in partes 
hostes iter faciant. 14 Qui, 15 cupidius novissimum agmen 
InsecutI, alieno loco 16 cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium 
committunt ; et pauci de nostrls cadunt. 

1287,2,3. 2310. 3 Historical present. 4 221. 6 272. 6 286, 2, rt. 
1 many things. 8 241. 9 297, 1. 10 333, 2, A. n 282. 12 227, a. ™ 316. 

14 333, 2, D. 15 Qui, these ; relative with demonstrative force. 16 See VI, note 10. 

XIV. CAESAR FOLLOWS THE HELVETIANS. TROUBLE 

OVER THE SUPPLY OF GRAIN 

Quo proelio 1 sublatl Helvetii, quod qulngentls equiti- 
bus 2 tantam multitudinem equitum 3 propulerant, audacius 
subsistere non numquam 4 et novissimo agmine 5 proelio 5 
nostros lacessere coeperunt. Caesar suos a proelio con- 
tinebat ac hostem raplnls 6 populationibusque prohibere 
conabatur. Ita dies 7 circiter XV iter fecerunt utl inter 
novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum prlmum 8 non am- 
plius qulnls aut senls milibus 9 passuum interesset. 10 

Interim Haedui copiam frumenti, quam pollicitl erant, 
non praebebant. Caesar de hac re quaerit u et reperit 



264 Elements of Latin , 

Dumnorigem esse virum 12 qui Haeduos deterreat, 13 ne 
frumentum conferant. 14 (Dumnorix haec faciebat quod 
Helvetiis 15 amicus erat.) Caesar igitur Dumnorlgl 16 cus- 
todes ponit 11 et post haec Haedul rem frumentariam 
provident. 

1 272. 2 273. 3 223. 4 non numquam, not never, i.e. sotnethnes. 

5 273; agmine is instrument ; proelio is means. 6 265. 7 255. 8 primum 
(agmen), the first {part of the cplumn), i.e. the advance guard, the van. 9 267. 
10 314. 11 Historical present. 12 Why accusative ? is 340. 14 qui . . . con- 
ferant, who was hindering the Haedul from gathering the grain (literally, lest they 
should gather the grain ; ne . . . conferant is a substantive purpose clause, object 
of deterreat. ^ 250. 10 239. 



XV. CAESAR PREPARES TO ATTACK 

Paucis post diebus 1 Caesar ab exploratoribus 2 certior 3 
f actus hostes sub monte consedisse 4 milia 5 passuum ab 
ipsius 6 castris octo, qualis esset 7 natura montis et qualis in 
circuitu ascensus, qui cognoscerent, 8 mlsit. Renuntiatum 
estfacilem 9 esse. De tertia vigilia T. Labienum, 10 lega- 
tum pro praetore, 11 cum duabus legionibus 12 et els duci- 
bus 13 qui iter cognoverant, summum iugum montis 
ascendere 14 iubet ; quid sul consill 15 sit, 16 ostendit. Ipse 
de quarta vigilia eodem itinere 17 quo hostes ierant ad eos 
contendit equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. P. Con- 
sidius, qui rel 18 militaris perltissimus 19 habebatur et in 
exercitu L. Sullae fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur. 

1 268. 2 266. 3 254, 1. 4 Main verb in indirect discourse governed by 
certior f actus. 5 255. 6 221. 7 333, 2, D ; qualis . . . esset . . . ascensus 
is object of cognoscerent. 8 316; qui cognoscerent misit, sent (men) to find 
out (literally, who should find out). 9 In agreement with ascensum, understood, 
as subject of esse. 10 256. n pro praetore, with the power of a praetor. 

12 276. 13 eis ducibus, with those (men) as guides ; ducibus, 17, 2. 14 346, 
2; the subject accusative is Labienum. 15 223 ; quid sui consili sit, what (of) 
his plan (there) was. 16 333,2, D; the clause is object of ostendit. 17 273. 
18 rei . . . peritissimus, most skilful in warfare ; rei, 229. 19 4, 2, note ; 254, 1. 



The Story of the Helvetian War 265 

XVI. THE ERROR OP CONSIDIUS 

Prima luce, 1 cum summus mons a. Labieno 2 teneretur, 3 
ipse ab hostium castris non longius mille et quingentls 
passibus 4 abesset, 3 neque aut ipsius 5 adventus aut Labieni 
cognitus esset, 3 C5nsidius equo 6 admiss5 ad eum accurrit; 
dicit montem, quern 7 a Labieno occuparl voluerit, 8 ab hos- 
tibus teneri; id 9 se 10 a Gallicis armls atque insignibus 
cognovisse. Caesar suas copias in proximum collem sub- 
ducit, aciem Instruit. Labienus, monte occupato, nostros 
exspectabat proelioque abstinebat, quod Caesar el n prae- 
ceperat ne ante adventum ipsius proelium committeret 12 
ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret. 13 Multo 
denique die 14 per exploratores Caesar cognovit et montem 
a suls teneri 15 et Helvetios castra m5visse et Considium, 
timore 16 perterritum, id 17 quod non vidisset pro viso sibi 
renuntiavisse. Eo die, quo c5nsueverat intervallo 18 hostes 
sequitur et milia 19 passuum tria ab eorum castris castra 
p5nit. 



» 



1 Why ablative ? 2266. 3 320. 4 267. 5 221. « 287, 2; at full 

speed. What is the exact meaning ? " Subject of occuparl. 8 Why subjunc- 

tive ? 9 Object of cognovisse. 10 Subject of cognovisse. Why is cognovisse 
infinitive ? H Why dative ? 1-2 ne . . . committeret ; what kind of a clause ? 

13 why subjunctive? 14 Multo die, late in the day ; why ablative ? 15 Why 
infinitive? 1G 272. 17 Object of renuntiavisse ; id . . . renuntiavisse, had 
reported that which he had not seen, as {if he had) seen (it). Viso, is the perfect 
participle, used substantively. ls 275 ; quo . . . intervallo, at the usual distance. 
19 Why accusative ? 

XVII. THE HELVETIANS FOLLOW CAESAR TOWARD 

BIBRACTE 

Postero die, 1 quod omnlno biduum supererat, cum exer- 
citul 2 frumentum metlrl 3 oporteret, 4 et quod a Bibracte, 
oppido Haeduorum longe maxim5 et copiosissimo, non 
amplius milibus 5 passuum XVIII aberat, iter ab Helvetiis 



266 Elements of Latin 

avertit ac Bibracte 6 ire contendit. Ea res per fugitivos 
L. Aemili, decurionis 7 equitum Gall5rum, hostibus 8 nun- 
tiatur. Helvetii existimaverunt Romanos, tim5re perter- 
ritos, 9 a se discedere, atque igitur, commutat5 consilio 10 
atque itinere converso, nostros a novissimd agmine Insequi 
ac lacessere coeperunt. 

1 Why ablative ? 2 Why dative ? 3 345, i. 4 Why subjunctive ? cum . . . 
oporteret, when it would be necessary to distribute, etc. 5 Why ablative ? 6 Ac- 
cusative ; why ? 7 Why genitive ? 8 Case ? why ? 9 With what does this 
participle agree ? 10 Case ? why ? 

XVIII. PREPARATIONS FOR BATTLE 

Postquam id animadvertit, copias suas Caesar in proxi- 
mura collem subduxit equitatumque, qui sustineret 1 hos- 
tium 2 impeturn, mlsit. Ipse interim in colle medio 3 
triplicem aciem instruxit legionum quattuor veteranarum ; 
in sumrao iugo duas legiones, quas in Gallia citeriore 
proxime conscripserat, et omnia auxilia collocari, ac totum 
montem hominibus 4 complerl, et interea sarcinas in unum 
locum conferri, et earn ab ejs, 5 qui in superiore acie consti- 
terant, muniri iussit. 6 Helvetii, cum omnibus suis carris 
secuti, impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt; ipsi con- 
fertissima acie, 7 reiecto nostr5 equitatu, phalange facta, 
sub primam nostram aciem successerunt. 

1 316. 2 Case ? why ? 3 in colle medio, in the middle of the hill, i.e. half 
way up the hill. 4 Case ? why ? 5 Case ? why ? 6 iussit ; on this verb de- 
pends the entire passage preceding, from in summo iugo. There are four infinitives, 
with subject accusative, used as objects of this yerb. "' confertissima acie, in very 
close array ; why ablative ? 

XIX. THE BATTLE 

Caesar primum equis 2 omnium ex conspectu remotis, ut 
aequato omnium periculo 2 spem f ugae 3 tolleret, 4 cohor- 
tatus 5 suos proelium commisit. Mllites e loco superiore 



The Story of the Helvetian War 267 

pills missis facile hostium phalangem perfregerunt. Ea 
disiecta, gladiis 6 destrictis in eos impetum fecerunt. 
Pluribus 7 Gallorum scutis uno ictu pilorum transflxls et 
colligatis, cum ferrum se Inflexisset, 8 nequc evellere 9 neque 
sinistra impedita satis commode pugnare poterant. Hoc 
Gallls 10 magno ad pugnam erat impedimento, 10 ut multi, 
diu iactato bracchio, praeoptarent 11 scutum manu emittere 
et nudo corpore 12 pugnare. 

Tandem vulneribus defessi, ad montem, qui aberat cir- 
citer mille passus 18 se recipere coeperunt. Capto monte 
et succedentibus nostris, Boii et Tulingi, qui hominum 
milibus 14 circiter XV agmen hostium claudebant et novis- 
simis 15 praesidio 15 erant, nostros ab latere aperto 16 ag- 
gressi, circumvenlre coeperunt ; et id conspicati, Helvetii, 
qui in montem sese receperant, rursus instare et proelium 
redintegrare coeperunt. 

1 equis, ablative absolute with remotis. 2 aequato omnium periculo, by 
equalizing the danger of all. Be careful to render the numerous ablative absolutes 
in this section into good English. 3 Case ? why ? 4 Why subjunctive ? 
5 Perfect participle, deponent, active meaning. 6 gladiis destrictis, with drawn 
stvords. "pluribus . . . colligatis, when many of the Gauls' shields had been 
pierced and fastened together, etc. The Gauls were so close together that the 
shields overlapped, so that several were pierced by one pilum. 8 cum . . . 
inflexisset, causal or temporal ? The ferrum was the soft iron shank, easily 
bent. 9 to pull (them, i.e. the pila) out. 10 242 ; two datives. Note the 
translation of the example in 242. n Why subjunctive ? 12 275 ; with body 
unprotected. 13 Case ? why ? u Why ablative ? 15 242. 16 ab latere 
aperto, on the open flank, i.e. on the right; why ? 

XX. DEFEAT AND PLIGHT OF THE HELVETIANS 

Romani signa converterunt 1 et ita ancipiti proelio 2 
diu atque acriter pugnaverunt. Diutius cum sustinere 
nostrorum 3 impetus non possent, 4 alteri 5 se in mon- 
tem receperunt, alteri 5 ad impedimenta et carros suos se 
contulerunt. Nam hoc toto proelio, 6 cum ab hora septima 7 



268 Elements of Latin 

ad vesperum pugnatum sit, 8 aversum hostem 9 videre nemo 
potuit. Ad multam noctem 10 etiam ad impedimenta pug- 
natum est. 11 Diu cum esset 12 pugnatum, impediments 13 
castrisque nostrl potltl sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia atque 
unus e filiis captus est. 

Ex eo proeli5 circiter hominum milia CXXX super- 
fuerunt. Hi fugerunt et in fines Lingonum die 14 quarto 
pervenerunt, cum et propter vulnera militum et propter 
sepulturam occis5rum nostrl eos sequl non potuissent. 15 
Caesar ad Lingones nuntios misit et imperavit ne eos fru- 
mentd neve alia re iuvarent. 16 Ipse triduo intermissS cum 
omnibus copils 17 eos sequl coepit. 

1 signa converterunt, turned the standards, i.e. faced about. 2 Case ? why ? 

3 Case ? why ? 4 Mood ? why ? 5 alter! . . . alteri, some . . . others. 6 282. 
7 About one o'clock in the afternoon. 8 322. 9 aversum hostem, an enemy 
turned away, i.e. an enemy in flight. 10 Cf. XVI, note 14. H pugnatum est, 
it was fought, i.e. the fight went on. 12 esset pugnatum = pugnatum esset. 
13 274. 14 Why ablative ? is Mood ? why? 16 ne . . . iuvarent; kind of 
clause ? I 7 Case ? why ? 

XXI. THE SURRENDER. SIX THOUSAND ESCAPE 

Helvetil omnium rerum inopia 1 adductl legatos de dedi- 
tidne ad eum mlserunt. Qui, 2 cum 3 eum in itinere con- 
venissent pacemque petlssent atque eos suum adventum 
exspectare iussisset, paruerunt. Eo postquam Caesar 
pervenit, obsides, arma, servosque fugitiyos poposcit. 
Nocte 4 autem intermissa, circiter hominum milia VI eius 
pagl, qui Verbigenus 5 appellatur, sive timore 6 perterritl, ne 
armls 7 traditis supplici5 afBcerentur, 8 sive spe salutis 9 
induct!, prima nocte 10 e castrls 11 Helvetiorum egress! ad 
Rhenum flnesque Germanorum contenderunt. 

1 Case? why? 2 Cf. XIII, note 15. 3 What verbs depend on this cum? 

4 Why ablative ? 5 Case ? why ? 6 Why ablative ? 7 Translate : after their 
arfns had been handed over. 8 ne . . . supplicio afficerentur, lest they should be 
afflicted with punishment, i.e. put to death. For kind of clause, see 333, 2, C. 
9 Why genitive ? i° prima nocte, in the first {part of the) night, early in the 
night. n Case ? why ? 




The Story of the Helvetian War 269 

XXII. CAESAR ORDERS THE HELVETIANS TO RETURN 

HOME 

Quod 1 ubi Caesar resciit, quorum 2 per fines ierant, his 3 
uti conquirerent et reducerent 4 imperavit; reductos 5 ~ in 
hostium numero habuit ; reliquos omnes, obsidibus, armis, 
perfugls traditis, in deditionem accepit. Helvetios, Tu- 
lingos, Latobrigos in fines suos, unde erant profecti, 
reverti 6 iussit; et quod omnibus friigibus amissis domi" 
nihil erat quo 8 famem tolerarent, 9 Allobrogibus imperavit, 
ut eis 10 frumenti copiam facerent; 11 ipsos oppida vicosque, 
quos incenderant, restituere iussit. 

Id ea maxime ratione 12 fecit, quod noluit eum locum, 
unde Helvetii discesserant, vacare, ne propter bonitatem 
agrorum German!, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, ex suls 
flnibus in Helvetiorum fines transirent 13 et finitimi Galliae 
provinciae Allobrogibusque essent. 13 B6i5s 14 petentibus 
Haeduis, 15 ut in finibus suis collocarent, concessit; quibus 
illi agr5s dederunt, quosque postea in parem iuris libertatis- 
que condicionem, atque 16 ipsi erant, receperunt. 

1 See XIII, note 15. 2 The antecedent is his ; quorum . . . his, those through 
whose territory they had gone. 3 Why dative ? 4 uti . . . reducerent ; what 
kind of clause ? 5 reductos agrees with eds understood ; reductos . . . habuit, 
he considered (them, when they had deen) brought back among the number of the 
enemy, i.e. he put them to death. 6 Object of iussit ; 346, 2. "297, 3. 
8 Why ablative ? '•> 315. 10 Indirect object of facerent, which means furnish, 
provide. n Why subjunctive ? i 2 272. ]3 ne . . . transirent . . . essent ; 
kind of clause ? 14 Boios is object of collocarent ; it stands first for emphasis. 
15 petentibus Haeduis, indirect object of concessit; he granted to the asking 
Haedui, i.e. he granted the request of the Haedui. What is the direct object of 
concessit ? 16 atque, as. 

XXIII. THE NUMBER OF THE HELVETIANS 

In castris Helvetiorum tabulae repertae sunt litteris 1 
Graecis confectae et ad Caesarem relatae, 2 quibus in tabulis 



270 



Elements of Latin 



nominatim ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo 3 exisset 4 
eorum qui arma ferre possent, 5 et item separatim quot 
puerl, series, mulieresque. Summa erat capitum 6 Hel- 
vetiorum milium CCLXIII, Tuling5rum milium XXXVI, 
Latobrigorum XIV, Rauracorum XXIII, Boiorum XXXII ; 
ex his, qui arma ferre possent, 7 ad 8 mllia nonaginta duo. 
Summa omnium fuerunt ad mllia CCCLXVIII. Eorum, 
qui domum 9 redierunt, censu habito, repertus est numerus 
milium C et X. 

1 Why ablative ? 2 relatae (sunt). 3 Case ? why ? 4 qui . . . exisset ; this 
clause is object of some verb of "telling," implied in ratio ; an account [stating) 
what number, etc. 333,2, D. 5 315. ^"Viead" of Helvetians. Cf. "head of 
sheep." Omit in translating. 7 Why subjunctive ? 8 about. 9 domum ; why 
accusative? 




TESTUDO 



WORD LIST FOR DRILL 



1. 





LATIN 


WORD LIST' 


I. 


Italia, ae,/ 


II. 


sunt. 


2. 


longa. 


12. 


bona. 


3- 


incola, ae, ///. 


*3- 


dea, ae,/ 


4- 


magna. 


14. 


via, ae,/ 


5- 


fllia, ae,/. 


iS- 


tuba, ae,/ 


6. 


multa. 


2. 16. 


Britannia, ae,/ 


7- 


non. 


*7- 


amo. 


8. 


agricola, ae, /«. 


18. 


voco. 


9- 


parva. 


19. 


sum. 


IO. 


est. 


20. 


vexo. 


21. 


rosa, ae,/ 


3*- 


patria, ae,/ 


22. 


puella, ae,/ 


3 2 - 


pulchra. 


2 3- 


et. 


3- 33- 


pugno. 


2 4 . 


Gallia, ae,/. 


34- 


ager, agri, ;;/. 


2 5- 


in. 


35- 


Gallus, 1, in. 


26. 


mensa, ae,/ 


36. 


vir, virl, m. 


27. 


regina, ae, /. 


37- 


socer, eri, m. 


28. 


laudo. 


38. 


gener, eri, m. 


29. 


Galba, ae, m. 


39- 


filius, T, m. 


3°- 


insula, ae,/ 


40. 


ad. 


41. 


liberi, brum, m. 


5 1 - 


de. 


42. 


servus, T, m. 


5 2 - 


deus, I, ;;/. 


43- 


porto. 


53- 


comparo. 


44- 


Marcus, T, m. 


54- 


frumentum, 1, n. 


45- 


puer, en, m. 


55- 


-ne. 


46. 


bellum, 1, n. 


56. 


ubi. 


47- 


liber. 


57- 


Roman!, orum, m. 


48. 


don urn, 1, n. 


58- 


oppidum, T, //. 


49. 


auxilium, 1, n. 


59- 


consilium, T, ;/. 


5°- 


vasto. 


60. 


proelium, 1, n. 



1 The heavy numbers refer to the lessons in which the words immediately fol- 
lowing occur. 

271 



272 



Elements of Latin 



ENGLISH WORD LIST 



1 . Italy. 

2. long. 

3. inhabitant. 

4. great, large. 

5. daughter. 

6. much, many. 

7. not. 

8. farmer. 

9. small. 
10. (he) is. 

21. rose. 

22. girl. 

23. and. 

24. Gaul. 

25. in, on. 

26. table. 

27. queen. 

28. I praise. 

29. Galba. 

30. island. 

41. children. 

42. slave. 

43. I carry. 

44. Marcus. 

45. boy. 

46. war. 

47. free. 

48. gift. 

49. aid, help. 

50. I lay waste. 



II. 


(they) are. 


12. 


good. 


I 3- 


goddess. 


14. 


way, road. 


iS- 


trumpet. 


16. 


Britain. 


i7- 


I love. 


18. 


I call, summon. 


19. 


I am. 


20. 


I harass, annoy. 


3 1 - 


country, fatherland. 


3 2 - 


beautiful. 


33- 


I fight. 


34- 


field. 


35- 


a Gaul. 


36. 


man. 


37- 


father-in-law. 


38. 


son-in-law. 


39- 


son. 


40. 


to, toward, for, near. 


5 1 - 


about, concerning. 


52. 


god. 


53- 


provide, prepare. 


54- 


grain. 


55- 


interrogative particle, 


56. 


where ? 


57- 


the Romans. 


58. 


town, walled-town. 


59- 


plan, advice. 


60. 


battle. 



Word List for Drill 



273 



LATIN WORD LIST— Continued 



61. copia, ae,/. 

62. copiae, arum,/. 

63. consilium, 1, n. 

64. multus, a, urn. 

65. pulcher, chra, chrum. 

66. supero. 

67. tener, era, erum. 

68. bonus, a, urn. 

69. fossa, ae,/ 

70. anna, orum. ;/. 



71. altus, a, urn. 

72. asper, era, erum. 

73. latus, a, um. 

74. hortus, 1, 7;/. 

75. longus, a, um. 

76. murus, I, in. 

77. magnus, a, um. 

78. miser, era, erum. 

79. liber, era, erum. 

80. parvus, a, um. 



81. 


alius, a, ud. 


91. 


Romanus, a, um 


82. 


alter, era, erum. 


92. 


castra, orum, n. 


83- 


uter, utra, utrum. 


93- 


nonne. 


84. 


neuter, tra, trum. 


94. 


incito. 


85- 


ullus, a, um. 


95- 


populus, 1, m. 


86. 


nullus, a, um. 


96. 


numerus, I, in. 


87. 


Gnus, a, um. 


7. 97. 


habet. 


88. 


totus, a, um. 


98. 


habent. 


89. 


solus, a, um. 


99. 


legio, onis,/. 


90. 


occupo. 


100. 


oppugno. 



101. caput, itis, n. 

102. virtus, utis,/ 

103. consul, ulis, ;;/. 

104. trans. 

105. dux, ducis, m. 

106. tempus, oris, n. 

107. exspecto. 

108. sine. 

109. flumen, inis, n. 
no. provincia, ae,/ 



in. miles, itis, m. 

112. prlnceps, ipis, m. 

113. num. 

114. periculum, 1, n. 

115. virtus, utis,/ 

116. vis, vis,/ 

117. hostis, is, m. 

118. turris, is,/ 

119. gens, gentis,/ 

120. silva, ae,/ 



274 



Elements of Latin 



ENGLISH WORD LIST— Continued 



61. plenty. . 

62. troops. 

63. wisdom. 

64. much ; //., many. 

65. beautiful. 

66. I conquer, overcome. 

67. tender. 

68. good. 

69. ditch, trench. 

70. arms. 

81. another, other. 

82. the other. 

83. which (of two) ? 

84. neither. 

85. any. 

86. none. 

87. one, alone, only. 

88. whole. 

89. alone. 

90. I seize, take possession of. 

101. head. 

102. valor, bravery. 

103. consul. 

104. across. 

105. leader. 

106. time. 

107. await, expect. 

108. without. 

109. river, 
no. province. 



71. high, deep. 

72. rough. 

73. wide, broadc 

74. garden. 

75. long. 

76. wall. 

77. great, large. 

78. wretched. 

79. free. 

80. small, little. 

91. Roman. 

92. camp. 

93. inter, particle, affirmative. 

94. I urge on, arouse. 

95. people. 

96. number. 

97. (he) has. 

98. (they) have. 

99. legion. 
100. I attack. 

in. soldier. 

112. chief. 

113. inter, particle, negative. 

114. risk, danger. 

115. virtue. 

116. strength, force. 

117. enemy. 

118. tower. 

119. tribe, race. 

120. forest. 



Word List for Drill 



275 



LATIN WORD LIST — Continued 



10. 



11. 



21. eques, itis, 111. 

22. nomen, inis, n. 9. 

23. coniuro. 

24. navis, is,/. 

25. collis, is, ;;/. 

26. mare, is, ;z. 

27. cohors, ortis,/. 

28. idoneus, a, urn. 

29. arx, arcis,/. 

30. animal, alis, 11. 

41. clvis, is, 111. or/ 

42. corpus, oris, n. 

43. finis, is, m. 

44. fines, ium, m. pi. 

45. acer, cris, ere. 

46. magnitudo, inis,/ 

47. do. 

48. vetus, gen. veteris. 

49. -que. 

50. omnis, e. 

61. acies, el,/. 

62. cornu, us, ;z. 

63. dies, ei, in. or / 

64. ferus, a, urn. 

65. terra, ae,/ 

66. res, rei,/ 

67. man us, us,/ 

68. German!, orum, ;;/. 12. 

69. commeatus, us, m. 

70. domus, us,/ 



31. navis longa,/ 

32. a, ab. 

1,7,. telum, I, //. 

34. agmen, inis, n. 

35. locus, I, ///. 

36. colloco. 

37. e, ex. 

^. pars, partis,/ 

39. mons, montis, m. 

40. ignis, is, in. 

51. communis, e. 

52. brevis, e. 

53. celer, eris, ere. 

54. incredibilis, e. 

55. ferax, gen. feracis. 

56. cum. 

57. gravis, e. 

58. confirmo. 

59. pax, pads,/ 

60. confirmo. 

71. exercitus, us, m. 

72. frilctus, us, m. 

73. in, gov. ace. 

74. in, gov. abl. 

75. portus, us, in. 

76. species, el,/ 

77. terra marique. 

78. victoria, ae,/ 

79. spero. 

80. audax, gen. audacis. 



276 



Elements of Latin 



ENGLISH WORD LIST— Continued 

121. horseman. 131. warship. 

122. name. 

123. conspire. 

124. ship, boat. 



125. hill. 

126. sea. 

127. cohort. 

128. suitable. 

129. citadel. 

130. animal. 

141. citizen. 

142. body. 

143. end, boundary. 

144. territory. 

145. sharp, fierce. 

146. size, greatness. 

147. I give. 

148. old, ancient. 

149. and (enclitic). 

150. all, every. 

161. line of battle. 

162. wing, horn. 

163. day. 

164. wild, savage. 

165. land, country. 

166. thing, affair, matter. 

167. hand, band, force. 

168. the Germans. 

169. provisions, supplies. 

170. house, home. 



132. by, from. 

133. weapon. 

134. column, army (on march). 



135. place. 

136. I put, place, station. 

137. from, out of. 

138. part, side, direction. 

139. mountain. 

140. fire. 

151. common, general. 

152. brief, short. 

153. swift. 

154. incredible. 

155. fertile. 

156. with. 

157. heavy, difficult, serious. 

158. I establish. 

159. peace. 

160. I strengthen, encourage. 

171. army. 

172. fruit, crop. 

1 73. into, toward, against. 

174. in, on. 

175. port, harbor. 

176. sight, appearance. 

177. by land and sea. 

178. victory. 

179. I hope, hope for. 

180. bold, courageous. 



Word List for Drill 



277 



14. 



LATIN WORD LIST 

181. felix, gen. felicis. 

182. imperium, 1, ;/. 

183. paco. 

184. recuso. 13. 

185. htus, oris, n. 

186. paro. 

187. subsidium, 1, 11. 

188. hiemo. 

189. fides, e\,f. 

190. paucl, ae, a. 

201. similis, e. 

202. dissimilis, e. 

203. gracilis, e. 

204. malus, a, urn. 
2o£. superus, a, urn. 

206. inferus, a, um. 

207. prior, ius. 

208. propior, ius. 

209. car us, a, um. 

210. care. 



— Continued 

191. propero. 

192. vallum, 1, n. 

193. fides, el,/ 

194. equitatus, us, ///. 

195. pedes, itis, m. 

196. quam. 

197. mos, moris, ;//. 

198. facilis, e. 

199. difficilis, e. 

200. humilis, e. 

211. deditio, onis, /. 

212. Helvetii, orum, ;//. 

213. iter, itineris, n. 

214. longe. 

215. nuntio. 

216. vulnero. 

217. socius, I, m. 

218. vicus, I, m. 

219. fortis, e. 

220. fortiter. 



221. carrus, 1, m. 

222. impetus, us, m. 

223. priidens, gen. entis. 

224. prudenter. 

225. condicio, onis, / 
15. 226.. civitas, tatis, /. 

227. armo. 

228. per. 

229. pagus, 1, m. 

230. quattuor. 



231. pilum, 1, 11. 

232. gladius, 1, ;;/. 
233- propter. 

234. bene. 

235. male. 

236. multum. 

237. magnopere. 

238. parum. 

239. prope. 

240. diu. 



278 



Elements of Latin 





ENGLISH WORD 


LIST 


— Continued 


181. 


happy, fortunate. 


191. 


I hasten. 


182. 


order, command, rule. 


192. 


rampart, earthworks. 


183. 


I make peace, subdue. 


!93- 


protection. 


184. 


I refuse. 


194. 


cavalry. 


185. 


beach, shore. 


195- 


foot-soldier. 


186. 


I prepare, provide. 


196. 


than. 


187. 


assistance. 


197. 


custom. 


188. 


I winter, pass the winter. 


198. 


easy. 


189. 


faith, loyalty. 


199. 


difficult. 


190. 


few. 


200. 


low. 


201. 


like. 


211. 


surrender. 


202. 


unlike. 


212. 


the Helvetians. 


203. 


slender. 


213. 


march, journey ; road 


204. 


bad. 


214. 


far, far off. 


205. 


high. 


215. 


I report, announce. 


206. 


low. 


216. 


I wound. 


207. 


former. 


217. 


ally, companion. 


208. 


nearer. 


218. 


village. 


209. 


dear. 


219. 


strong, brave. 


210. 


dearly. 


220. 


strongly, bravely. 


221. 


cart, wagon. 


231. 


javelin. 


222. 


attack, assault. 


232. 


sword. 


223. 


wise, prudent. 


2 33- 


on account of. 


224. 


wisely. 


234- 


well. 


225. 


condition, terms. 


2 35- 


ill. 


226. 


state, citizenship. 


236. 


much. 


227. 


I arm. 


2 37- 


greatly. 


228. 


through, over, by means 
of, on account of. 


238. 


little. 


229. 


division, district, canton.* 


2 39- 


near. 


230. 


four. 


240. 


a long time. 



Word List for Drill 



279 





LATIN WORD 


LIST— Continued 


241. 


facile. 


251. 


tu. 


242. 


audacter. 


252. 


appropinquo. 


243- 


saepe. 


2 53- 


ego. 


16. 244. 


Caesar, aris, m. 


254- 


impedimentum, 1, n 


245- 


expugno. 


2 55- 


is, ea, id. 


246. 


inter. 


256. 


obses, idis, m. 


247. 


negotium, 1, n. 


257- 


post. 


248. 


Orgetorfx, Igis, m. 


258. 


suT. 


249. 


praemium, 1, n. 


2 59- 


timor, oris, m. 


250. 


tamen. 


260. 


negotium, I, ;/. 


17. 261. 


ipse, a, um. 


271. 


scutum, 1, n. 


262. 


suus, a, um. 


272. 


liber, libri, ;;/. 


263. 


tuus, a, um. 


2 73- 


officium, 1, 11. 


264. 


vester, tra, trum. 


274. 


legatus, 1, ;//. 


265. 


noster, tra, trum. 


275- 


natio, onis,/. 


266. 


meus, a, um. 


18. 276. 


spes, spel,/i 


267. 


tempestas, tatis,/ 


277. 


atque (ac). 


268. 


captivus, 1, ;//. 


278. 


contra. 


269. 


sed. 


279. 


quinque. 


270. 


imperator, oris, m. 


280. 


cupidus, a, um. 


281. 


Idem, eadem, idem. 


19. 291. 


ante. 


282. 


libertas, tatis,/ 


292. 


sol, solis, m. 


283. 


is, ea, id. 


2 93- 


Belgae, arum, ;//. 


284. 


rursus. 


294. 


repentinus, a, um. 


285. 


angustiae, arum,/ 


2 95- 


flnitimus, a, um. 


286. 


occasio, onis,/ 


296. 


adventus, us, ;//. 


287. 


creber, bra, brum. 


297. 


auxilia, orum, ;/. 


288. 


iste, a, ud. 


298. 


qui, quae, quod. 


289. 


hie, haec, hoc. 


299. 


hiberna, orum, n. 


290. 


ille, a, ud. 


300. 


quis, quid ; 



qui, quae, quod. 



28o 



Elements of Latin 





ENGLISH WORD 


LIST 


— Continued 


241. 


easily. 


251- 


thou, you. 


242. 


boldly. 


252. 


I approach. 


243- 


often. 


2 53- 


I. 


244. 


Caesar. 


254- 


hindrance;//., baggage. 


245- 


I capture, take by storm. 


255- 


he, she, it ;//., they. 


246. 


between, among. 


256. 


hostage. 


247. 


business, task. 


2 57- 


after, behind. 


248. 


Orgetorix. 


258. 


of himself, etc. 


249. 


reward. 


2 59- 


fear. 


250. 


nevertheless, however. 


260. 


difficulty. 


261. 


self, very. 


271. 


shield. 


262. 


his, her, its, their. 


272. 


book. 


263. 


thy, your. 


2 73- 


duty. 


264. 


your. 


274. 


lieutenant, envoy. 


265. 


our. 


2 75- 


nation. 


266. 


my. 


276. 


hope. 


267. 


weather ; storm. 


277. 


and. 


268. 


captive. 


278. 


against, opposite. 


269. 


but. 


279. 


five. 


270. 


general, commander. 


280. 


eager, desirous. 


281. 


the same. 


291. 


before. 


282. 


liberty. 


292. 


sun. 


283. 


that, this. 


2 93- 


the Belgians. 


284. 


again. 


294. 


sudden. 


285. 


narrow pass. 


2 95- 


neighboring. 


286. 


opportunity. 


296. 


arrival, approach. 


287. 


frequent. 


297. 


auxiliary troops. 


288. 


that (of yours). 


298. 


who, w r hich, what, that. 


289. 


this. 


299. 


winter quarters. 


290. 


that. 


300. 


who ? which ? what ? 
what? what kind of? 



Word List for Drill 



281 





LATIN WORD 


LIST — Continued 


301. 


occasus, us, ?n. 


3 11 - 


vadum, 1, n. 


302. 


senatus, us, m. 


312. 


citerior, ius. 


3°3- 


perturbo. 


3 l 3- 


ulterior, ius. 


3°4- 


paulatim. 


3 X 4- 


oratio, onis,_/ 


3°5- 


paene. 


3*5- 


ius, iuris, ;/. 


20. 306. 


aliquis. 


316. 


equus, I, ;//. 


3°7- 


quldam. 


3 l 7- 


explorator, oris, m. 


308. 


quisquam. 


318. 


concilium, 1, n. 


3°9- 


quisque. 


3*9- 


consuetiido, inis,_/ 


310. 


castellum, 1, n. 


21. 320. 


unus, a, um. 


321. 


duo. 


33 l - 


mille. 


322. 


tres. 


332. 


primus, a, um. 


3 2 3- 


quattuor. 


333- 


secundus, a, um. 


3 2 4- 


qulnque. 


334- 


tertius, a, um. 


3 2 5- 


sex. 


335- 


quartus, a, um. 


326. 


septem. 


33 6 - 


quintus, a, um. 


3 2 7- 


octo. 


337- 


sextus, a, um. 


328. 


novem. 


33*- 


Septimus, a, um. 


3 2 9- 


decern. 


339- 


octavus, a, um. 


33°- 


centum. 


340- 


nonus, a, um. 


34i- 


decimus, a, um. 


35 1 - 


praesidium, T, n. 


22. 342. 


sum. 


35 2 - 


multitude!, inis,_/. 


343- 


incolumis, e. 


23. 353- 


aditus, us, m. 


344- 


amicus, a, um. 


354- 


a utem. 


345- 


amicus, T, m. 


355- 


dexter, tra, trum. 


346. 


signum, T, n. 


35 6 - 


sinister, tra, trum. 


347° 


reliquus, a, um. 


357- 


uterque, utraque, 
utrumque. 


348. 


mulier, eris,/. 


358. 


aedificium, T, n. 


349- 


fere. 


359- 


ripa, ae, / 


35°- 


cotldianus, a, um. 


360. 


aequus, a, um. 



282 



Elements of Latin 





ENGLISH WORE 


» LIST 


— Continued 


301. 


setting. 


3 TI - 


ford, shoal. 


302. 


senate. 


312. 


hither, nearer. 


3°3- 


I confuse, disturb. 


3 1 3- 


farther. 


3°4- 


gradually, little by little. 


3!4- 


speech. 


3°5- 


almost, nearly. 


3i5- 


justice, law, right. 


306. 


some one, some. 


316. 


horse. 


3°7- 


certain. 


3J7- 


scout. 


308. 


any one. 


318. 


assembly, council. 


3°9- 


each. 


3 J 9- 


custom. 


310. 


small fort, redoubt. 


320. 


one. 


321. 


two. 


33 1 - 


thousand. 


322. 


three. 


33 2 - 


first. 


3 2 3- 


four. 


333- 


second. 


3 2 4. 


five. 


334- 


third. 


325- 


six. 


335- 


fourth. 


326. 


seven. 


33 6 - 


fifth. 


3 2 7- 


eight. 


337- 


sixth. 


328. 


nine. 


338. 


seventh. 


3 2 9- 


ten. 


339- 


eighth. 


33°- 


hundred. 


34°- 


ninth. 


34i. 


tenth. 


35*- 


guard, garrison, protec- 
tion. 


342. 


be. 


35 2 - 


multitude. 


343- 


unharmed, safe. 


353- 


approach. 


344- 


friendly. 


354- 


moreover, but, however, 


345- 


friend. 


355- 


right. 


346. 


standard, signal. 


35 6 - 


left. 


347- 


remaining, rest of. 


357* 


each (of two) , both. 


348. 


woman. 


358. 


building. 


349- 


almost, nearly. 


359- 


bank, shore. 


35°- 


daily, every day. 


360. 


level ; favorable. 



Word List for Vrill 



283 





LATIN WORD 


LIST- Continued 


361. 


calamitas, tatis,/ 


3V- 


nuntius, i, ;//. 


362. 


Rhenus, I, ///. 


37 2 - 


sententia, ae,/ 


3 6 3- 


inopia, ae,/. 


373- 


causa, ae,/ 


3 6 4- 


clamor, oris, ;;/. 


374- 


clam. 


3^5- 


regio, on is,/. 


375- 


dubito. 


24. 366. 


vulgo. 


37^- 


magistrates, us, in. 


3 6 7- 


statim. 


377- 


frumentarius, a, um. 


368. 


auctoritas, tatis,/ 


378. 


iugum, 1, n. 


3 6 9- 


convoco. 


379- 


Dlviciacus, i, ;;/. 


37°- 


Haedul, orum, ;//. 


380. 


regnum, i, n. 


25. 381. 


tempto. 


39 1 - 


propugno. 


382. 


fuga, ae,/. 


26. 392 


apud. 


3^3- 


labor, oris, m. 


393- 


equester, tris, tre. 


384- 


colloquium, T, n. 


394- 


interim. 


385. 


potestas, tatis,/. 


395- 


latus, eris, n. 


386. 


primo. 


39 6 - 


nobilis, e. 


387. 


difficulties, tatis,/ 


397- 


transporto. 


388. 


studium, I, n. 


398- 


tutus, a, um. 


389- 


rex, regis, ;;/. 


399- 


saliis, litis,/. 


39°- 


pugna, ae,/ 


400. 


angustus, a, um. 


401. 


celeritas, tatis,/ 


411. 


munitio, on is,/ 


402. 


Insidiae, arum,/ 


412. 


postulo. 


403- 


latitude), in is,/ 


4i3- 


exploro. 


404. 


modus, 1, m. 


414. 


potens, gen. potentis 


27. 405. 


debet. 


415. 


Rem!, orum, in. 


406. 


undique. 


416. 


probo. 


407. 


recens, gen. recentis. 


28. 417. 


altitiido, inis,/ 


408. 


pro. 


418. 


debeo. 


409. 


ob. 


419. 


ventus, 1, ///. 


410. 


memoria, ae,/ 


420. 


onerarius, a, um. 



284 



Elements of Latin 



ENGLISH WORD LIST— Continued 



361. 


calamity, disaster, defeat. 


37 1 - 


messenger. 


362. 


The Rhine. 


37 2 - 


opinion, decision. 


3 6 3- 


lack, want. 


373- 


cause, reason. 


3 6 4- 


shouting, cry. 


374- 


secretly. 


3 6 5- 


region, district. 


375- 


hesitate, doubt 


366. 


commonly, generally. 


37 6 - 


magistrate. 


3 6 7- 


at once, immediately. 


377- 


of grain. 


368. 


authority, influence. 


378. 


yoke ; ridge. 


3 6 9- 


call together, summon. 


379- 


Diviciacus. 


37°- 


the Haedui. 


380. 


rule, throne ; kingdom. 


381. 


try, attempt. 


39 1 - 


fight back, resist. 


382. 


flight. 


39 2 - 


among, with. 


3*3- 


labor, task. 


393- 


equestrian. - 


384. 


conference. 


394- 


meanwhile. 


385- 


power, authority. 


395- 


side, flank. 


386. 


at first. 


39 6 - 


noble. 


387- 


difficulty. 


397- 


carry across, transport. 


388. 


desire, eagerness. 


398. 


safe. 


389- 


king. 


399- 


safety. 


39°- 


fight, battle. 


400. 


narrow. 


401. 


speed. 


411. 


fortification. 


402. 


ambush. 


412. 


demand. 


4°3- 


width. 


4i3- 


find out, explore. 


404. 


manner, way ; kind. 


414. 


powerful. 


405- 


he ought, it ought. 


415- 


the Remi. 


406. 


from all directions. 


416. 


approve. 


407. 


recent. 


417. 


height, depth. 


408. 


for, in behalf of, instead 


418. 


ought, be obliged to; 




of, in front of. 




owe. 


409. 


on account of, for. 


419. 


wind. 


410. 


memory. 


420. 


of burden. 



Word List for Drill 



2§S 





LATIN WORD 


LIST — Continued 


421. 


obtineo. 


43 1 - 


naves onerariae. 


422. 


augeo. 


43 2 - 


habeo. 


423- 


fremitus, lis, m. 


29. 433- 


Ariovistus, 1, m: 


424. 


praebeo. 


434- 


video. 


425- 


MorinI, orum, m. 


435- 


ubi, 


426. 


lateo. 


43 6 - 


do. 


427. 


iam. 


437- 


respondeo 


428. 


habeo. 


438- 


remaneo. 


429. 


moneo. 


439- 


Dumnorix, Igis, m 


43°- 


inermis, e. 


440. 


piiblicus, a, urn. 


441. 


frater, tris, ;//. 


45 1 - 


mercator, oris, ;//. 


442. 


gratia, ae,/ 


45 2 - 


rego. 


443- 


prohibeo. 


453- 


servitus, tutis,/ 


444. 


res publica, rel 
publicae,/ 


454- 


mitto. 


445- 


iniuria, ae,/ 


455- 


praemitto. 


446. 


moveo. 


45 6 - 


militaris, e. 


447- 


provideo. 


457- 


litterae, arum,/ 


30. 448. 


ago. 


458. 


emo. 


449. 


desero. 


459- 


duco. 


45°- 


gero. 


460. 


cogo. 


31. 46.1. 


arcesso. 


471. 


defendo. 


462. 


dedo. 


472. 


rediico. 


463- 


homo, inis, c. 


473- 


incendo. 


464. 


incolo. 


32. 474. 


amicitia, ae,/ 


465- 


natiira, ae,/ 


475- 


barbarus, 1, ;;/. 


466.. 


neque. 


476. 


venio. 


467. 


vinco. 


477- 


impedio. 


468. 


vlnea, ae,/ 


478. 


desilio. 


469. 


classis, is,/ 


479- 


audio. 


470. 


discedo. 


480. 


nemo. 




286 



Elements of Latin 





ENGLISH WORE 


> LIST 


1 — Continued 


421. 


hold, occupy; obtain. 


43i- 


freight ships, transports 


422. 


increase, make larger. 


43 2 - 


maintain, consider. 


4 2 3- 


noise, uproar. 


433- 


Ariovistus. 


424. 


afford, furnish, show. 


434- 


see. 


425- 


the Morini. 


435- 


when. 


426. 


lie hid. 


43 6 - 


give. 


427. 


now, already. 


437- 


answer, reply. 


428. 


have, possess, hold. 


438. 


remain. 


429. 


advise, warn. 


439- 


Dumnorix. 


43°- 


unarmed. 


440. 


public. 


441. 


brother. 


45 1 - 


trader, merchant. 


442. 


influence, favor. 


45 2 - 


rule. 


443- 


keep from, prevent, pro- 
hibit, stop. 


453- 


slavery. 


444. 


the republic, state. 


454- 


send. 


445- 


injury, wrong. 


455- 


send ahead. 


446. 


move, influence, excite. 


45 6 - 


military. 


447- 


foresee. 


457- 


letter, document. 


448. 


drive, lead, bring up. 


458. 


buy, purchase. 


449. 


desert, abandon. 


459- 


lead. 


45°- 


carry, carry on; wage. 


460. 


force ; gather, collect. 


461. 


send for, summon. 


471. 


ward off, defend. 


462. 


give up, surrender. 


472. 


lead back. 


463- 


man, human being. 


473- 


burn, set fire to. 


464. 


inhabit, dwell. 


474- 


friendship. 


465- 


nature, character. 


475- 


barbarian, foreigner. 


466. 


nor, and . . . not. 


476. 


come. 


467. 


conquer. 


477- 


hinder. 


468. 


shed. 


478. 


leap down. 


469. 


fleet. 


.479- 


hear. 


470. 


leave, depart 


480. 


no one, nobody. 






Word List for Drill 



287 



33. 





LATIN WORD 


LIST 


— Continued 


481. 


callidus, a, 11111. 




491. 


circumvenio. 


482. 


miinio. 




492. 


eo. 


483. 


deligo. 




493- 


fortuna, ae,/. 


484. 


contendo. 




494. 


mors, mortis,/. 


485. 


centurio, onis, m. 




495- 


opus, operis, n. 


486. 


apertus, a, um. 




496. 


pecus, pecoris, n 


487. 


convenio. 




497- 


sentio. 


488. 


vulnus, eris, n. 




498. 


nihil. 


489. 


suspicio, onis,/! 




499. 


reperio. 


490. 


scio. 


35. 


500. 


capio. 


501. 


facio. 




511. 


lltus, oris, n. 


502. 


suscipio. 




512. 


legatio, onis, /. 


5°3- 


recipio. 




5 J 3- 


catena, ae, f. 


5°4- 


perficio. 


36. 


5i4. 


conor. 


5°5- 


incipio. 




S J 5- 


hortor. 


506. 


iacio. 




516. 


potior. 


5°7- 


conicio. 




S*7> 


sequor. 


508. 


quidem. 




518. 


utor. 


5°9- 


ne . . . quidem. 




519- 


vereor. 


510. 


obsidio, onis, f. 




520. 


proficlscor. 



521. egredior. 

522. expello. 

523. lapis, idis, m. 

524. motus, us, m. 

525. paulum. 

37. 526. aquila, ae,/! 

527. beneficium, 1, n. 

528. concursus, us, m. 

529. satis. 

530. repellOo 



38. 



531. agger, ens, m. 

532. stipendium, i ? n. 

533. relinquo. 

534. pendo. 

535. cognosco. 

536. mater, tris,/ 

537. passus, us, m. 

538. pecunia, ae,/. 

539. quantus, a, um. 

540. alacer, cris, ere. 



288 



Elements of Latin 





ENGLISH WORD 


LIST 


— Continued 


481. 


shrewd, cunning. 


491. 


surround. 


482. 


fortify. 


492. 


thither, there. 


483. 


choose, select. 


493- 


fortune, fate. 


484. 


strive, struggle, hasten. 


494. 


death. 


485. 


centurion. 


495- 


work ; pi., fortification. 


486. 


open, unprotected. 


496, 


herd, flock, cattle D 


487. 


come together, assemble. 


497- 


perceive, learn. 


488. 


wound. 


498. 


nothing. 


489. 


suspicion. 


499. 


find, discover. 


490. 


know. 


500. 


take, capture; adopt. 



501. make, do. 

502. undertake. 

503. take back, receive. 

504. accomplish. 

505. begin. 

506. throw. 

507. throw together, hurl; put. 

508. even. 

509. not . . . even. 

510. siege. 

521. march out, go out. 

522. drive out, expel. 

523. stone. 

524. revolt. 

525. a little. 

526. eagle; standard. 

527. kindness, favor. 

528. running together, charge, 

attack. 

529. enough. 

530. drive back, repulse. 



511. shore. 

512. embassy. 

513. chain, bond. 

514. try, attempt. 

515. urge, encourage. 

516. get possession of, obtain. 

517. follow, pursue. 

518. use, employ. 

519. fear, be afraid of. 

520. set out, depart. 

531. rampart, embankment. 

532. tribute, tax. 

533. leave, abandon, 

534- pay. 

535. ascertain, learn, find out. 

536. mother. 

537. pace. 

538. money. 

539. how much. 

540. eager. 



Word List for Drill 



289 



LATIN WORD LIST— Continued 



40. 




541- 


causa. 


542. 


deinde. 


543- 


usus, us, m. 


544- 


pes, pedis, m. 


545- 


peritus, a, urn. 


546. 


animus, 1, m. 


547- 


gratia. 


548. 


honor, oris, ;;z. 


549- 


contumelia, ae,/". 


55°- 


imperitus, a, um. 


561. 


opinio, onis,/ 


562. 


vox, vocis,/". 


5 6 3- 


plerique, aeque, 




aque. 


564- 


oppugnatio, oms,f. 


5 6 5- 


verbum, 1, n. 


566. 


opportunus, a, um. 


567- 


opera, ae,/ 


568. 


confido. 


5 6 9- 


supersum. 


57°- 


studeo. 


581. 


novae res. 


582. 


aestus, us, m. 


583- 


aptus, a, um. 


584. 


trado. 


585. 


solum, 1, 11. 


586. 


Oceanus, 1, m. 


587- 


navigo. 


588. 


amitto. 


589- 


conventus, us, m. 


59°- 


pono. 



39. 



42. 



55 1 - 


msignis, e. 


55 2 - 


lacus, us, m. 


553- 


commutatio, onfs,y*. 


554- 


absum. 


555- 


adsum. 


556. 


possum. 


557- 


retineo. 


558. 


fluo. 


559- 


ascendo. 


560. 


Labienus, I, ;;/. 


57i- 


faveo. 


57 2 - 


noceo. 


573- 


resisto. 


574- 


persuadeo. 


575- 


praeficio. 


57 6 - 


praesum. 


577- 


etiam. 


578. 


ordo, inis, m. 


579- 


novus, a, um. 


580. 


novissimum agmen. 


59 1 - 


par, gen. paris. 


59 2 - 


revoco. 


593- 


praesertim. 


594- 


quod. 


595- 


praeter. 


59 6 - 


annus, I, m. 


597- 


moror. 


598. 


certus, a, um. 


599- 


constituo. 


600. 


maneo. 



290 



Elements of Latin 



ENGLISH WORD 

541. for the sake of. 

542. then, thereupon. 

543. experience ; advantage, 

use. 

544. foot. 

545. experienced, skilled. 

546. mind, heart, courage. 

547. for the sake of. 

548. honor. 

549. insult. 

550. inexperienced, ignorant. 

561. opinion ; reputation. 

562. voice. 

563. most (people or things). 

564. assault. 

565. word. 

566. fit, suitable. 

567. assistance, aid. 

568. trust. 

569. survive, remain. 

570. be eager for, desire, favor. 

581. change of affairs, revolu- 

tion. 

582. tide. 

583. fit, suitable, adapted. 

584. deliver, hand over. 

585. soil, ground. 

586. the ocean: 

587. sail, navigate. 

588. lose ; let go. 

589. meeting, assembly. 

590. put, place, establish. 



LIST — Continued 

551. prominent, remarkable. 

552. lake. 

553. change. 

554. be absent, distant. 

555. be present. 

556. be able, can. 

557. retain, maintain. 

558. flow. 

559. ascend. 

560. Labienus. 

571. favor, be favorable to. 

572. harm, injure. 

573. resist. 

574. persuade. 

575. place in command. 

576. be in command, in charge. 

577. also, even. 

578. rank, line, order. 

579. new. 

580. rear guard. 

591. equal, a match for. 

592. recall. 

593. especially. 

594. because. 

595. besides, except. 

596. year. 

597. delay, linger. 

598. certain, sure. 

599. resolve, decide. 

600. stay, remain. 




Word List for Drill 



291 







LATIN WORD 


LIST — Continued 




601. 


appello. 


6ll. 


ante. 




602. 


creo. 


6l2. 


nox, noctis,/ 




603. 


hora, ae,/ 


613. 


multo. 




604. 


teneo. 


614. 


Roma, ae,/. 




605. 


veto. 


615. 


defensor, oris, m. 




606. 


mensis, is, m. 


616. 


expeditus, a, um. 




607. 


iubeo. 


617. 


nudo. 




608. 


Genava, ae,/ 


618. 


tempero. 


43. 


609. 


fio. 


619. 


desisto. 


44. 


610. 


aliquot. 


620. 


intercludo. 




621. 


divido. 


631. 


colloquor. 




622. 


interficio. 


632. 


induco. 




623. 


maleficium, 1, 11. 


633' 


perterreo. 


45. 


624. 


afficio. 


634- 


supplicium, T, n. 




625. 


cupiditas, tatis,/! 


635- 


reverto. 




626. 


discessus, us, m. 


46. 636. 


aestas, tatis,/. 




627. 


fugio. 


6 37- 


biduum, I, n. 




628. 


instruo. 


638. 


conficio. 




629. 


iuvo. 


6 39- 


supero. 




630. 


aqua, ae, f. 


640. 


nondum. 




641. 


auctus, a, um. 


651. 


cohortor. 




642. 


Bibrax, actis,/. 


652. 


removeo. 




643- 


extremus, a, um. 


6 53- 


peto. 




644. 


BellovacT, orum, ;;/. 


654- 


habeo. 




645- 


ingens, gen. ingentis. 


655- 


progredior. 




646.. 


medius, a, um. 


656. 


orior. 




647. 


valeo. 


657- 


Catilma, ae, m. 




648. 


lux, lucis,^/ 


658. 


nunc. 




649. 


plebs, plebis,/. 


659- 


Cicero, onis, m. 


47. 


650. 


accipio. 


660. 


mora, ae,y. 



292 



Elements of Latin 





ENGLISH WORE 


> LIST 


— Continued 


601. 


call, name. 


611. 


before. 


602. 


elect, choose. 


612. 


night. 


603. 


hour. 


613. 


by much, much. 


604. 


hold, keep. 


614. 


Rome. 


605. 


forbid. 


615. 


defender. 


606. 


month. 


616. 


easy, practicable. 


607. 


order, command. 


617. 


make bare, strip, leave 
unprotected. 


608. 


Geneva. 


618. 


refrain, keep from. 


609. 


be done, occur, be made. 


619. 


cease, stop, leave off. 


610. 


some, several. 


620. 


cut off, shut off. 


621. 


divide, separate. 


631. 


speak with, confer. 


622. 


kill. 


632. 


lead on, influence, induce. 


623. 


mischief, harm. 


6 33- 


frighten, terrify. 


624. 


affect, afflict. 


634- 


punishment, torture. 


625. 


desire. 


635- 


return, go back. 


626. 


departure. 


636. 


summer. 


627. 


flee. 


6 37- 


two days. 


628. 


draw up, arrange ; equip. 


638. 


accomplish, finish. 


629. 


help, aid. 


6 39- 


surpass, excel. 


630. 


water. 


640. 


not yet. 


641. 


strong ; rich. 


651. 


encourage. 


642. 


Bibrax. 


652. 


remove. 


643- 


end of, last (part of). 


6 53- 


seek. 


644. 


the Bellovaci. 


654- 


deliver. 


645- 


huge, enormous. 


655- 


advance. 


646. 


middle of, middle. 


656. 


arise. 


647. 


be strong, powerful. 


6 57- 


Catiline. 


648. 


light. 


658. 


now. 


649. 


common people, populace. 


659- 


Cicero. 


650. 


receive. 


660. 


delay. 







Word List 


for 


Drill 293 






LATIN WORD 


LIST 


— Continued 




66l. 


dolor, oris, m. 




671. 


rns, ruris, n. 




662. 


coniiiratio, bms,/. 




672. 


domus, lis, or\,f. 


48. 


663. 


eo. 




673- 


pervenio. 


49. 


664. 


Aquileia, ae,/ 




674. 


educo. 




665. 


de. 




6 75- 


exeo. 




666. 


VIVO. 




676. 


redeo. 




667. 


turn. 


50. 


677. 


aggredior. 




668. 


transeo. 




678. 


conscendo. 




669. 


hiems, hiemis,/ 




679. 


rcddo. 




670. 


conscribo. 




680. 


ulciscor. 




681. 


utinam. 




691. 


iu dico. 




682. 


vigilia, ae,/ 




692. 


ne. 




683. 


impeditus, a, um. 




6 93- 


cliens, entis, ;;/. or/. 




684. 


committo. 




694. 


evado. 




685. 


ita. 




695- 


quaero. 




686. 


eruptio, on is,/ 




696. 


rogo. 




687. 


singulT, ae, a. 




697. 


si. 




688. 


proelium committere. 




698. 


impetro. 


51. 


689. 


circuitus, us, m. 




699. 


iiidicium, 1, ?i. 




690. 


doceo. 




700. 


rescindo. 




701. 


Sequani, orum, m. 




711. 


subitus, a, um. 




702. 


ut. 




712. 


invenio. 


52. 


7°3- 


audeo. 




7 J 3- 


talis, e. 




704. 


contineo. 




714. 


tantus, a, um. 




7°5- 


tarn. 




7*5- 


ut. 




706. 


vix. 


53. 


716. 


cum. 




707. 


nonnullus, a, um. 




717. 


tergum, 1, n. 




708. 


intellego. 




718. 


videor. 




709. 


'dico. 




719. 


com per io. 




710. 


Rhodanus, 1, m. 




720. 


sub. 



2Q4 



Elements of Latin 



ENGLISH WORD LIST— Continued 



66 1. grief. 

662. conspiracy. 

663. go. 

664. Aquileia. 

665. from, out of. 

666. live. 

667. then; thereupon, next. 

668. cross. 

669. winter. 

670. enroll. 

681. would that. 

682. watch. 

683. hindered, burdened, un- 

der baggage. 

684. bring together. 

685. thus, so. 

686. sortie, rushing forth. 

687. one at a time, singly. 

688. to join battle. 

689. circuit, roundabout way. 

690. show, tell. 

701. the Sequani. 

702. that, in order that. 

703. dare. 

704. confine, hem in. 

705. so. 

706. hardly, scarcely. 

707. some. 

708. understand, know. 

709. say, tell; appoint. 

710. the Rhone. 



671. the country. 

672. home, house. 

673. reach, come to, arrive. 

674. lead out. 

&75- g° out > depart from. 

676. go back, return. 

677. attack. 

678. embark, go on board, 

679. give back, return. 

680. avenge, punish. 

691. judge. 

692. lest, that . . . not. 

693. dependent, retainer. 

694. escape. 

695. inquire. 

696. ask. 

697. whether. 

698. obtain one's request. 

699. place of judgment, trial. 

700. tear down. 

711. sudden. 

712. come upon, find. 

713. such. 

714. such, so great. 

715. that, so that. 

716. when; since; although. 

717. back. 

718. seem ; be seen. 

719. find out, discover. 

720. under, toward. 



Word List for Drill 



295 



54. 



721. 

722. 

7 2 3- 
724. 

7 2 5- 
726. 

727. 

728. 

729. 

73°- 



LATIN WORD LIST — Continued 

adorior. 

vesper, erl, m. 

sustineo. 56. 

conspectus, us, m. 

succedo. 

maturus, a, um. 



verto. 
proxime. 
tergum vertere. 
volo. 



731. nolo. 

732. malo. 

733. accidit. 

734. conatus, us, m. 

735. efficio. 

736. impero. 

737. Liscus, 1, ?ti. 

738. opto. 

739. plenus, a, un 

740. vito. 



741. hbero. 751. 

742. evenio. 752. 

743. admoneo. 753. 

744. copiae, arum j 754. 

745. Allobroges, um, m. 755. 

746. lima, ae,/. 756. 

747. posco. 757. 

748. praecipio. 758. 

749. timeo. 759. 
56. 750. circum. 57. 760. 



com ungo. 

minis, a, um. 

cis. 

consido. 

despero. 

existimo. 

puto. 

praedico. 

semper. 

accedo. 



761. 


UbiT, orum, m. 


762. 


licet. 


7 6 3- 


morior. 


764. 


sumptus, us, m 


7 6 5- 


metior. 


766. 


constat. 


767. 


alo. 


768. 


erro. 


769. 


sino. 


770. 


oporteto 



771. humanus, a, um. 

58. 772. alienus, a, um. 

773- si. 

774. cilra, ae, / 

775. effugio. 

776. flnitimus, 1, m. 
jjj. nisi. 

778. victor, oris, m. 

jyg. pareo. 

780. persequor. 



296 



Elements of Latin 



ENGLISH WORD LIST— Continued 



721. attack. 

722. evening. 

723. withstand. 

724. sight, view. 

725. approach, come up. 

726. early. 

727. turn. 

728. last, recently. 

729. to turn one's back, flee. 

730. wish, be willing. 

741. free, set free. 

742. turn out, result. 

743. warn, urge. 

744. resources, possessions. 

745. the Allobroges. 

746. moon. 

747. demand, require. 

748. command, direct. 

749. fear. 

750. around, about, in the 

vicinity of. 

761. the Ubii. 

762. it is permitted. 

763. die. 

764. expense. 

765. measure out, distribute. 

766. it is evident. 

767. support, maintain. 

768. err, be mistaken. 

769. permit, allow. 

770. it behooves, is fitting. 



731. be unwilling. 

732. prefer. 

733. it happens, occurs. 

734. attempt, effort. 

735. make, cause, render, 

bring about. 

736. command. 

737. Liscus. 

738. desire 

739. full 

740. avoid. 

751. join 

752. wonderful, surprising. 

753. on this side of. 

754. camp, settle. 

755. despair. 

756. think, believe. 

757. think, suppose, consider. 

758. say, declare. 

759. always. 

760. approach. 

771. human; civilized, culti- 

vated. 

772. foreign, strange. 

773- if - 

774. care, attention. 

775. escape. 

776. neighbor. 

777. unless, if . . . not. 

778. victor. 

779. obey. 

780. follow up, pursue. 



Word List for Drill 



297 



LATIN WORD LIST — Continued 



781. numquam. 

782. bellicosus, a, urn. 

783. inimlcus, a, urn. 

784. fidelis, e. 

785. ciistodio. 

786. beatus, a, um. 
59. 787. amor, oris, ;;/. 

788. disco. 

789. ineo. 

790. consuesco. 

801. affero. 

802. perfero. 



60. 



791. Athenae, arum, /, 

792. celeber, bris, bre. 

793. scribo. 

794. ars, artis, / 

795. consumo. 

796. lego. 

797. trecenti, ae, a. 

798. sumo. 

799. fero. 

800. Infero. 

803. aufero. 

804. refero. 



298 



Elements of Latin 



ENGLISH WORD LIST — Continued 



781 


never. 


791. 


Athens. 


782 


warlike. 


792. 


celebrated, famous. 


783 


unfriendly, hostile. 


793- 


write. 


784 


faithful. 


794- 


art, science. 


785 


guard. 


795- 


use up, consume. 


786 


happy. 


796. 


read. 


787 


love. 


797- 


three hundred. 


788 


learn. 


798. 


take, get, gather. 


789 


enter ; form (a plan). 


799- 


bear, carry. 


790 


be accustomed. 


800. 


bring upon, bring against 


801 


bring. 


803. 


take away. 


802 


carry through, endure. 


804. 


bring back. 



SPECIAL VOCABULARIES ON THE READING 
LESSONS IN LESSONS XXV-XXXV 



VOCABULARY OP 154 



advena, ae, m., stranger. 

Albertus, I, m., Albert. 

at, but. 

corniger, era, erum, homed. 

denique, finally. 

habito, are, avi, atus, inhabit, 

dwell in. 
ignavus, a, um, idle. 
insto, are, stiti, approach. 
littera, ae, f., letter. 
lustro, are, avi, atus, watch, 

look at. 
magister, tri, in-., master. 



monstrum, I, n., monster. 

mox, presently, soon. 

oculus, i, m., eye. 

pererro, are, avi, atus, wander 
through. 

saevus, a, um, savage. 

sto, stare, steti, staturus, stand. 

taurus, I, m., bull. 

tento, are, avi, atus, try, at- 
tempt. 

tergum, i, n., back. 

turn, then. 

vito, are, avi, atus, avoid. 



VOCABULARY OF 161 



aqua, ae, f., water. 

baculum, i, n., stick. 

deturbo, are, avi, atus, drive 

away, 
forte, by chance. 
intro, are, avi, atus, enter. 
ira, ae, f., wrath. 



limus, i, m., mud. 

mando, are, avi, atus, commit, 

entrust. 
membrum, i, n., limb. 
plenus, a, um. /////. 
profundus, a, um, deep. 
temere, rashly. 



libero, are, avi, atus, free, set termino, are, avi, atus. bound, 
free. vanus, a, um, empty, rain. 

299 



3°° 



Elements of Latin 



VOCABULARY OF 168 

adversus, a, um, adverse, un- 
favorable. 
calathus, I, m., basket. 
Carolus, I, m., Charles. 
certe, surely. 

cunctus, a, um, all, the whole. 
euro, are, avi, atus, care for. 
dfligenter, carefully. 
fortuna, ae, f., fortune, fate. 
igitur, therefore. 



impiger, gra, grum, active. 

ita, thus, so. 

maculo, are, avi, atus, spot, 

stain. 
maestus, a, um, sad, sorrowful. 
ploro, are, avi, atus, bewail, 

lament. 
pomum, I, n., apple. 
putridus, a, um, rotten. 



aliquando, once. 
Augustus, I, m., Augustus. 
Britannicus, a, um, British. 
Britannus, I, m., a Briton. 
capillus, I, m., hair. 
colonus, l, m., farmer. 
Floras, I, m., Florus. 
itaque, therefore. 
Iulius, I, va., Julius. 



VOCABULARY OF 174 

lacrima, ae, f., tear. 
nam, for. 
numquam, never. 
olim, formerly. 
posthac, after this, in future. 
teneo, ere, ui, tentus, hold, re- 
strain. 
Titus, I, m., Titus. 
video, ere, vidi, visus, see. 



adsum, esse, fui, be present. 
appareo, ere, ui, iturus, appear. 
argentum, i, n., silver. 
aro, are, avi, atus, plow. 
avarus, a, um, greedy, covetous. 
avidus, a, um, greedy. 
benigne, kindly. 
caelum, i, n., sky. 
celo, are, avi, atus, conceal. 
dominus, i, m., master. 
fidus, a, urn, faithful. 
furtum, i, n., theft. 
ibi, there. 



VOCABULARY OF 180 

impleo, ere, evi, etus, fill up. 

latebrae, arum, f. pi., hiding- 
place. 

Mercurius, i, m., Mercury. 

narro, are, avi, atus, tell, relate. 

nudo, are, avi, atus, lay bare. 

Plutus, i, m., Plutus. 

querela, ae, f., complaint. 

specto, are, avi, atus, look at, 
watch. 

spolio, are, avi, atus, rob, steal. 

subito, suddenly. 

thesaurus, i, m., treasure. 






Special Vocabularies 



301 



VOCABULARY OF 186 



admoneo, ere, ui, itus, advise. 

animus, 1, m., mind. 

attrecto, are, avi, atus, touch, 

handle. 
cura, ae, f., care. 
divitiae, arum, f. pi., riches. 
egenus, a, um, poor. 
maneo, ere, mansi, mansurus, 

stay, remain. 
mulceo, ere, mulsi, mulsus, 

soothe. 



nee, nor, and not. 

nihil, nothing. 

nunc, now. 

pecunia, ae, f., money 

quidem, indeed. 

saxum, J, n., rock. 

semper, always. 

servo, are, avi, atus, save, keep. 

suppleo, ere, evi, etus, fill up, 

supply. 
unquam, ever. 



VOCABULARY OF 192 



Cimbri, drum, m. pi., the Cim- mirus, a, um, wonderful. 



bri. 



strange. 



claustra, orum, n. pi., baj-rier, oceanus, i, m., the ocean. 

dike. pateo, ere, ui, lie open. 

coerced, ere, ui, itus, check, rima, ae, f., crack. 

restrain. tectum, i, n., house. 

deturbo, are, avi, atus, tear tumulus, i, m., mound. 

down. unda, ae, f., wave. 

dextra, ae, f., right hand. validus, a, um, strong. 

inundo, are, avi, atus, overflow, violentia, ae, f., violence, 
flood. 



VOCABULARY OF 198 



cibus, i, m.,food. 
commemoro, are, avi, atus, 

relate, tell. 
constanter, steadily. 
constantia, ae, f., firmness. 
factum, i, n., deed, act. 
frigidus, a, um, cold. 



moribundus, a, um, dying. 
recreo, are, avi, atus, refresh. 
rigeo, ere, stiffen, become stiff. 
sublevo, are, avi, atus, raise, 

lift. 
tantus, a, um, such, so great. 
umerus, i, m., shoulder. 



3° 2 



Elements of Latin 



VOCABULARY OF 204 



canorus, a, um, musical, me- 
lodious. 
caseus, i, m., cheese. 
celebro, are, avi, atus, celebrate. 
cena, ae, f., dinner. 
Clodius, I, m., Clodius. 
convlva, ae, c, guest. 
copiosus, a, um, abundant. 
delecto, are, avi, atus, delight. 
fistula, ae, f., pipe. 
hie, here, on this side. 
honestus, a, um, honest. 
illic, there, on that side. 



inhonestus, a, um, dishonest. 
molestus, a, um, troublesome. 
nuptiae, arum, f. pi., wedding. 
ovum, I, n., egg. 
peritus, a, um, skilled. 
porculus, I, m., little pig. 
praecipue, especially. 
sonus, I, m., sound. 
sustineo, ere, ui, tentus, en- 
dure. 
vicinus, i, m., neighbor. 
vix, hardly, scarcely. 



VOCABULARY OF 213 



canto, are, avi, atus, play, 

sing. 
ceno, are, avi, atus, dine. 
cupide, eagerly. 
epulae, arum, f. pi., feast. 
frustra, in vain. 
fugitlvus, I, m., fugitive. 
inde, thereupon, then. 
interea, meanwhile. 



ieiunus, a, um, hungry. 
poena, ae, f., penalty. 
praeda, ae, f., booty. 
raptim, hiwriedly, hastily. 
recupero, are, avi, atus, get 

back, recover. 
salto, are, avi, atus, dance. 
splendide, magnificently. 
verbero, are, avi, atus, beat. 



GENERAL VOCABULARIES 



LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 



a, ab, prep. gov. abl., by, from. 

abdo, ere, didi, ditus, hide, con- 
ceal. 

abduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead 
away, carry off. 

abicio, ere, ieci, iectus, throw 
away. 

abstineo, ere, ui, tentus, hold 
hack, refrain from. 

absum, esse, afui, afuturus, be 
absent, be distant. 

ac, see atque. 

accedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, 
approach. 

accidit, ere, accidit, it happens, 
occurs. 

accipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, re- 
ceive, accept. 

accurro, ere, cucurri (curri), 
cursus, run to, hasten to. 

acer, acris, acre, sharp, ferce. 

acies, ei, f., line of battle. 

acriter, sharply. 

ad, prep. gov. ace., to, toward, 
against, for, near, about. 

addo, ere, didi, ditus, add. 



adduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead 

to, induce, influence. 

aditus, us, m., approach. 

adiungo, ere, iunxi, iunctus, 
join to. 

administro, are, avi, atus, man- 
age, administer. 

admitto, ere, misi, missus, let 
go; equo admisso, at full 
speed. 

admoneo, ere, monui, monitus, 
warn, advise, urge. 

adolesco, ere, levi, adultus. 
grow up. 

adorior, oriri, ortus sum, attack. 

adsum, esse, fui, futurus, be 
present. 

advena, ae, m. or f., stranger. 

advenio, ire, veni, ventus, come 
to. 

adventus, us, m., arrival, ap- 
proach. 

adversus, prep. gov. ace, 
against. 

adversus, a, um, adverse, un- 
favorable. 

aedificium, i, n., building. 

aedifico, are, avi, atus, build. 



j^j 



304 



Elements of Latin 



Aemilius, I, m., (Lucius) Aemi- 
lius, a Gallic officer in Cae- 
sar's army. 

Aeneas, ae, m., Aeneas, a 
Trojan hero. 

aequitas, aequitatis, f., fairness, 
evenness. , 

aequo, are, avl, atus, equalize, 
make equal. 

aequus, a, um, level ; favorable. 

aestas, aestatis, f., summer. 

aestus, us, m., tide. 

aetas, aetatis, f., age. 

affero, ferre, attuli, allatus, 
bring. 

afficio, ere, feci, fectus, affect, 
afflict, visit with. 

ager, agri, m., field. 

agger, aggeris, m., rampart, 
dike, embankment. 

aggredior, I, gressus sum, at- 
tack. 

agmen, agminis, n., column, 
army on the march. 

ago, ere, egi, actus, drive, lead, 
bring up; gratias agere, to 
return thanks. 

agricola, ae, m., farmer. 

alacer, alacris, alacre, eager. 

Alba Longa, Albae Longae, f., 
Alba Longa, leading city of 
early Latium. 

Albani, drum, m., the Albans, 
people of Alba Longa. 

Albanus, a, um, Alban. 

Albertus, I, m., Albert. 



alienus, a, um, fo7-eign, strange, 

unfavorable. 
aliquando, once, at some time. 
aliquis (qui), quae, quid 

(quod), some one, some. 
aliquot, some, several. 
alius, a, ud, a?iother, other. 
Allobroges, Allobrogum, m., 

the Allobroges, a Gallic tribe. 
alloquor, I, locutus sum, speak 

to, address. 
alo, ere, ui, altus (alitus), 

nourish, suppoi't. 
Alpes, Alpium, f. pi., the Alps. 
alte, high, on high, aloft. 
alter, era, erum, other; alter 

. . . alter, one . . . the other ; 

alter! . . . alteri, some . . . 

others. 
altitudo, altitudinis, f., height, 

depth.- 
altus, a, um, high, deep. 
Ambarri, drum, m., the Am- 

barfi, a Gallic tribe. 
amicitia, ae, f., friendship. 
amicus, a, urn, friendly. 
amicus, I, m., friend. 
amitto, ere, misi, missus, lose ; 

let go. 
amo, are, avl, atus, love. 
amor, amoris, m., love. 
amplio, are, avl, atus, enlarge. 
amplius, more. 
Amulius, I, m., Amulius. 
anceps, anceps, gen. ancipitis, 

two-sided. 



General Vocabularies 



305 



Ancus, 1, m., Ancus, forename 

of Ancus Marcius. 
angustiae, arum, f. pi., narrow 

pass. 
angustus, a, um, narrow. 
animadverto, ere, verti, versus, 

notice. 
animal, ammalis, n., animal. 
animus, 1, m., mind, heart, 

courage. 
annus, i, m., year. 
ante, prep. gov. ace, before; 

as adverb, before. 
antiquus, a, um, ancient. 
anulus, i, m., ring. 
apertus, a, um, open, unpro- 
tected. 
appareo, ere, ui, iturus, appear. 
appello, are, avi, atus, call, 

name. 
appropinquo, are, avi, atus, 

approach. 
aptus, a, um, fit, suitable, 

adapted. 
apud, prep. gov. ace, among, 

with. 
aqua, ae, f., water. 
aquila, ae, f., eagle, standard. 
Aquileia, ae, f., Aquileia, a 

Roman town. 
Aquitani, . drum, m., the Aqui- 

tani, a Gallic people. 
Arar, Araris, m., the Saone, a 

river, tributary to the Rhone, 
arbitror, ari, atus sum, think, 

consider. 



arcesso, ere, ivi, itus, send for, 

sum mo n. 
Ardea, ae, f., Ardea, a town of 

Latin in. 
ardeo, ere, arsi, arsus. burn. 
argentum, i, n., silver. 
Ariovistus, i, in., Ariovistus, a 

German king. 
arma, drum, n. pi., arms. 
armilla, ae, f., brace /ft. 
armo, are, avi, atus, arm. 
aro, are, avi, atus, plow. 
ars, artis, f., art, science. 
arx, arcis, f., citadel. 
Ascanius, i, m., Ascanius, son 

of Aeneas. 
ascendo, ere, scendi, scensus, 

ascend. 
ascensus, us, m., way up, ascent. 
Asia, ae, f., Asia. 
asper, era, erum, rough. 
asylum, i, n., place of refuge, 

asylum. 
at, but. 

Athenae, arum, f. pi., Athens. 
atque (ac), and; as. 
attrecto, are, avi, atus, touch, 

handle. 
auctoritas, auctoritatis, f., au- 
thority, influence. 
auctus, a, um, strong, rich. 
audacter, boldly; comparative, 

audacius ; superlative, au- 

dacissime. 
audax, audax, gen. audacis, 

bold, courageous. 



306 



Elements of Latin 



audeo, ere, ausus sum, dare. 
audio, ire, ivi, Itus, hear. 
aufero, ferre, abstuli, ablatus, 

take away. 

augeo, ere, auxi, auctus, in- 
crease. 

augurium, I, n., omen, augury. 

Augustus, I, m., Augustus. 

aureus, a, um, golden, of gold. 

auriga, ae, m., driver, chari- 
oteer. 

aut, or; aut . . . aut, either . . . 
or. 

autem, moreover, but, hotvever. 

auxilia, orum, n. pi., auxiliary 
troops. 

auxilium, I, n., aid, help. 

avarus, a, um, greedy, covetous 

Aventinus, i, m., the Aventine, 
one of the seven hills of 
Rome. 

averto, ere, vertl, versus, turn 
aside, turn away. 

avidus, a, um, greedy. 

avus, 1, m., grandfather. 

B 

baculum, I, n., stick. 

barbarus, a, um, barbarous, 
uncivilized. 

barbarus, I, m., barbarian, fo 7-- 
eigner. 

beatus, a, um, happy. 

Belgae, arum, m. pi., the Bel- 
gians, a Gallic people. 

bellicosus, a, um, warlike. 



Bellovaci, orum, m. pi., the 
Bellovaci, a Gallic tribe. 

bellum, I, n., war. 

bene, well. 

beneficium, I, n., kindness. 

benigne, kindly. 

Bibracte, Bibractis, n.,Bibracte, 
chief town of the Haedui. 

Bibrax, Bibractis, f., Bibrax, a 
town of the Remi. 

biduum, I, n., two days, tiuo 
days' 1 time. 

Boii, orum, m. pi., the Boii, a 
tribe living near the Helve- 
tians. 

bona, orum, n. pi., goods, pos- 
sessions. 

bonitas, bonitatis, infertility. 

bonus, a, um, good. 

bracchium, i,n., arm, forearm. 

brevis, breve, short, brief. 

breviter, briefly, shortly. 

Britannia, ae, f., Britain. 

Britannicus, a, um, British. 

Britannus, i, m., a Briton. 

Brutus, I, m., {Lucius) Brutus, 
liberator of Rome. 



C, for centum, hundred. 
cado, ere, cecidi, casurus, fall, 

be killed. 
caedes, caedis, f., slaughter, 

massacre. 
caelum, i, n., sky. 
Caesar, Caesaris, m., Caesar. 



General Vocabularies 



307 



calamitas, calamitatis, f., ca- 
lamity, disaster, defeat. 
calathus, i, m., basket. 
callidus, a, um, shrewd, cun- 



ning. 



canorus, a, um, musical, melo- 
dious. 
canto, are, avi, atus, play, 



sing. 



capillus, 1, in., hair. 

capio, ere, cepi, captus, take, 
capture ; adopt. 

Capitolium, 1, n., the Capitoline, 
one of the seven hills of 
Rome ; the Capitol, a temple 
on the Capitoline. 

captiva, ae, f., captive. 

captivus, 1, m., captive. 

caput, capitis, n., head. 

career, carceris, m., prison. 

care, dearly. 

Carolus, 1, m., Charles. 

carpentum, i, n., carriage. 

carrus, i, m., wagon, cart. 

carus, a, um, dear. 

caseus, 1, m., cheese. 

Cassius, I, m., {Lucius) Casshts, 
consul at Rome in 107 b.c. 

castellum, 1, n., small fo?'t, re- 
doubt. 

Casticus, 1, m., Casticus, a 
chief of the Sequani. 

castra, orum, n. pi., camp. 

casus, us, m., chance, accident. 

catena, ae, f., chain, bond. 

Catilina, ae, m., Catiline. 



causa, ae, f., cause, reason; 

case. 

causa, zb\.,for the sake of. 

celeber, Celebris, celebre. cele- 
brated, famous. 

celebro, are, avl, atus. cele- 
brate. 

celer, eeleris, eelere, swift, 
quick. 

celeritas, celeritatis. f., speed. 

celeriter, quickly, swiftly. 

celo, are, avi, atus, conceal. 

Celtae, arum. m. pi., the Celts 
or Gauls. 

cena, ae, f., dinner. 

ceno, are, avi, atus, dine. 

census, us, m., registration, 
enumeration. 

centum, hundred. 

centurio, centurionis. m., cen- 
turion, commander of a cen- 
tury, or company of one. 
hundred. 

certamen, certaminis, n., con- 
test, battle. 

certe, surely. 

certus, a. um, certain, sure. 

cibus, i, m.,food. 

Cicero, Ciceronis, m., Cicero. 

Cimbri, drum, m. pi., the 
Cimbri. 

circiter, about. 

circuitus. us. m., roundabout 
way, circuit. 

circum, prep. gov. ace, around, 
about, in the vicinity of. 



3 o8 



Elements of Latin 



circumdo, are, dedi, datus, sur- 
round. 
circumvenio, ire, veni, ventus, 

surround. 
cis, prep. gov. ace, on this side 

of. 
citerior, citerius, nearer, hither ; 

Gallia citerior, hither Gaul; 

superlative, citimus, a, um. 
citra, prep. gov. ace, on this 

side of. 
civis, civis, m. or f., citizen. 
civitas, civitatis, f., state; citi- 
zenship. 
clam, secretly. 
clamor, clamoris, m., shouting, 

outcry. 
classis, classis, f., fleet. 
claudo, ere, clausi, clausus, 

shut, close ; agmen claudere, 

to b?'ing up the rear. 
claustra, orum, n. pi., barrier, 

dike. 
cliens, clientis, m. or f. ; depend- 

e?it, retainer. 
cloaca, ae, f., sewer. 
Clodius, I, m., Clodius. 
coemo, ere, emi, emptus, buy, 

purchase. 
coepio, ere, coepi, coeptus, 

begin (only the perfect tenses 

in common use). 
coerceo, ere, ui, itus, check, re- 
strain. 
cognomen, cognominis, n., 

name, surname. 



cognosco, ere, novi, nitus, learn, 

find out, ascertain. 
cogo, ere, coegi, coactus, force; 

gather, collect. 
cohors, cohortis, f., cohort. 
cohortor, ari, atus sum, encour- 



age. 



Collatmus, i, m., Collatinus, 
husband, of Lucretia. 

colligo, are, avi, atus, fasten to- 
gether. 

collis, collis, m., hill. 

colloco, are, avi, atus, put, place , 
station. 

colloquium, 1, n., conference. 

colloquor, i, locutus sum, speak 
with, confer. 

colonus, i, m., farmer. 

commeatus, us, m., provisions, 
supplies. 

commemoro, are, avi, atus, re- 
late, tell. 

committo, ere, misi, missus, 
bring together ; proeliumcom- 
mittere, to join battle. 

commode, easily, conveniently. 

commoror, ari, atus sum, stay, 
remain, stop. 

commoveo, ere, movi, motus, 
move, disturb, alarm. 

communio, ire, ivi, Itus, fortify 
strongly, infrench. 

communis, commune, common, 
general. 

commutatio, commutationis, f., 
change. 



General Vocabularies 



309 



commuto, are, avi, atus, alter, 

change. 

comparo, are, avi, atus, pro- 
vide, get ready, prepare. 

comperio, ire, peri, ^Qvtns, fi?id 
out, discover. 

complector, 1, plexus sum, em- 
brace. 

compleo, ere, plevi, pletus, fill 
up, cover. 

conatus, us, m., attempt, effort. 

concedo, ere, cessi, cessus, 
grant, permit. 

concido, ere, cidi, clsus, kill, 
slay, cut down. 

concilium, 1, n., assembly, coun- 
cil. 

concursus, us, m., running to- 
gether, charge, attack. 

conditio, condicionis, f., condi- 
tio ti, terms. 

condo, ere, didi, ditus, found, 
establish. 

conduco, ere, duxi, ductus, 
bring together, collect. 

confero, ferre, tuli, collatus, 
gather, collect ; se conferre, 
to betake one^s self, go. 

confertus, a, um, crowded, close, 
in close array. 

conficio, ere, feci, fectus, accom- 
plish, finish, complete ; make, 
prepai'e, write. 

confido, ere, fisus sum, trust 
(semi-deponent). 

confirmo, are, avi, atus, estab- 



lish; strengthen, encoura 
declare, assert. 
conicid, ere, ieci, iectus, throw 

together, hurl; put. 

coniungo, ere, iunxi, iunctus, 
join. 

coniunx, coniugis, c, husband; 
wife. 

coniuratio, coniurationis, f., 
conspiracy. 

coniuro, are, avi, atus, con- 
spire, plot. 

conor, ari, atus sum, try, at- 
tempt. 

conquiro, ere, quisivi, quisitus. 
seek out, hunt. 

consanguineus, i, m., relat. 
kinsman. 

conscendo, ere. scendi, scen- 
sus, embark, go on board. 

conscisco, ere, scivi, scitus, de- 
cree, resolve. 

conscribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, 
enroll. 

consequor, i, secutus sum, fol- 
low, pursue; gain, acquire. 

consero, ere, serui. sertus, join ; 
pugnam conserere. to join 
battle. 

Considius, i, m., (Publius) Con- 
sidius, an officer in Caesar's 
army. 

consido, ere, sedi. sessus. 
camp, settle. 

consilium, I, n.. plan, advice ; 
tuisdom. 



3io 



Elements of Latin 



consistd, ere, stitl, stop, take a 

position. 
conspectus, us, m., sight, view. 
conspicor, ari, atus sum, behold, 

see, view. 
constanter, steadily. 
constantia, ae, f., firmness. 
constat, it is evident. 
constituo, ere, ui, utus, resolve, 

decide ; appoint, determine. 
consuesco, ere, evi, etus, be 

accustomed. 
consuetudo, consuetudinis, f., 

custom. 
consul, consulis, m., consul. 
cdnsumo, ere, sumpsi, sump- 

tus, consitme, use up. 
contendo, ere, tendi, tentus, 

strive, struggle, contend ; 

hasten. 
continenter, constantly, contin- 
ually. 
contineo, ere, ui, tentus, confine, 

hem in; restrain, hold back. 
contra, prep. gov. ace, against, 

opposite. 
contumelia, ae, f., insult. 
convalesco, ere, valui, recover, 

grow strong. 
convenio, Ire, veni, ventum, 

coine together, ?neet, assemble. 
conventus, us, m., meeting, as- 
sembly. 
converto, ere, verti, versus, 

turn, change, turn about. 
conviva, ae, c, guest. 



convoco, are, avi, atus, call 

together, summon. 
copia, ae, f., plenty, sitpply ; pi., 

troops ; resources, possessions. 
copiosus, a, um, abundant, 

wealthy. 
Corinthus, i, m., Corinth. 
corniger, era, erum, horned. 
cornu, us, n., horn; wing (of 

an army). 
corpus, corporis, n., body. 
cotidianus, a, um, daily, every- 
day. 
creber, bra, \sx\xm, frequent 
creo, are, avi, atus, elect, choose, 

appoint. 
cultura, ae, f. , cultivation. 
cultus, us, m., civilization. 
cum, prep. gov. abl., with. 
cum, when; since; although 

(conj.). 
cum . . . turn, both . . . and; 

not only . . . but also. 
cunctus, a, um, all, the whole. 
cupide, eagerly. 

cupiditas, cupiditatis, f., desi?-e. 
cupidus, a, um, eager, desirous. 
cupio, ere, ivi, Itus, wish, desire. 
cura, ae, f., care. 
Cures, Curium, f. pi., Cures, 

a Sabine town. 
curia, ae, f., (i) one of the ten 

divisions of a Roman tribe, 

a curia, (2) the senate house. 
Curiatii, orum, m., the Curia Hi, 

three Alban brothers. 



General Vocabularies 



3" 



euro, are, avi, atus, care for. 
custodio, ire, ivl, Itus, guard. 
custos, custodis, c, guard, 
watchman. 

D 

de, prep. gov. abl., about, con- 
cerning ; about, during; 
from, out of. 

dea, ae, f., goddess. 

debed, ere, ui, itus, ought, be 
obliged to ; owe. 

decedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, 
withdraw ', go away; die. 

decern, ten. 

decimus, a, um, tenth. 

decurio, decurionis, in., a decu- 
rion, commander of ten 
horsemen. 

deditio, deditionis, {..surrender. 

dedo, ere, dedidi, deditus, give 
up, surrender. 

defendo, ere, fendi, fensus, 
ward off, defend. 

defensor, defensoris, m., de- 
fender. 

defessus, a, um, weary, ex- 
hausted. 

deicio, ere, ieci, iectus, tJirow 
down, cast doivn ; disappoint. 

deinde, then, thereupon. 

delecto, are, avi, atus, delight. 

delibero, are, avi, atus, con- 
sider, ponder, deliberate. 

deligo, ere, legi, Iectus, choose, 
select. 



Demaratus, i, m., Demaratus, 

father of Tarquinius Pris< us. 
denique, finally, at last. 
describo, ere, scrips!, scrfptus. 

mark off, divide. 
desero. ere, ui, sertus, desert, 

abandon. 
desilio, ire, silui, sultus, leap 

down. 
desisto, ere, stiti, cease, stop. 

leave off. 
despero, are, avi, atus, despair. 
destringo, ere, strinxi, strictus, 

draw, unsheathe. 
desum, esse, fui, futurus. be 

wanting, be lacking, fail. 
deterred, ere, ui, itus, hinder. 

deter. 
deturbo, are, avi, atus, drive 

away ; tear down. 
deus, i, m., god. 
dexter, tra, trum, right. 
dextra, ae, f., right hand. 
dico, ere, dixi, dictus, say, tell; 

appoint. 
dictio, dictionis, f., speaking, 

pleading. 
dies, diei, m. or f., day. 
differo, ferre, distuli. dilatus. 

differ. 
difneilis, difficile, difficult. 
dimcultas, difficultatis. f., diffi- 
culty. 
dignitas. dignitatis, f., rank, 

honor, eminence. 
diligenter. carefully. 



312 



Elements of Latin 



diruo, ere, ui, utus, destroy, 
overthrow. 

discedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, 
leave, depart. 

discessus, us, m., departwe. 

disco, ere, didici, learn, ac- 
quire. 

disicio, ere, ieci, iectus, drive 
apart, drive asunder, rout. 

dispono, ere, posui, positus, 
distribute, post, station. 

dissimilis, dissimile, unlike. 

distribuo, ere, ui, utus, divide, 
distribute. 

ditissimus, a, um, richest (su- 
perlative of dives, rich). 

diu, long, a long time. 

Diviciacus, i, m., Diviciacus, 
a leader of the Haedui. 

divido, ere, visi, visus, divide, 
separate. 

divitiae, arum, f. pi., riches. 

do, dare, dedi, datus, give. 

doceo, ere, ui, doctus, show, 
tell. 

dolor, doloris, m., grief. 

dominus, i, m., master. 

domo, are, ui, itus, subdue. 

domus, us or i, i., house, home. 

donum, i, n., gift. 

dubito, are, avi, atus, hesitate, 
doubt. 

ducenti, ae, a, two hundred. 

duco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead, 
conduct, draw. 

dum, until. 



Dumnorix, Dumnorigis, m., 
Dumnorix, a leader of the 
Haedui. 

duo, duae, duo, two. 

duodecim, twelve. 

dux, ducis, m., leader, guide. 



e, ex, prep. gov. abh.from, out 

of; una ex parte, on one 

side. 
educo, are, avi, atus, educate, 

train, bring up. 
educo, ere, duxi, ductus, lead 

out. 
effemino, are, avi, atus, weaken, 

enfeeble, make womanish. 
efficio, ere, feci, fectus, make, 

cause, render, bring about. 
effugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus, 

escape. 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus, pour 

fo7'th, spread. 
egenus, a, um, poor. 
Egeria, ae, f., Egeria, a nymph. 
ego, mei, /. 
egredior, i, gressus sum, march 

out, go out. 
emo, ere, emi, emptus, buy, 

purchase. 
enuntio, are, avi, atus, report, 

make kno7i>n. 
eo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus, go. 
eo, thither, to that place, there. 
eodem, to the same place. 
epulae, arum, f. ph, feast. 




General Vocabularies 



3*3 



eques, equitis, m., horseman ; 
pi., cavalry. 

equester, equestris, equestre, 
pertaining to cavalry, eques- 
trian. 

equitatus, us, m., cavalry. 

equus, I, m., horse. 

eripio, ere, ripui, reptus, snatch 
away, rescue, save. 

erro, are, avi, atus, be mistaken. 

eruptio, eruptionis, f., sortie, 
rushing forth. 

et, and ; et . . . et, both . . . 
and. 

etiam, also, even. 

Etruria, ae, f., Etruria, a coun- 
try of Italy, north of Rome. 

evado, ere, evasi, evasurus, 
escape. 

evello, ere, velli, vulsus, ///// 
out. 

evenio, Ire, veni, venturus, 
turn out, result. 

everto, ere, verti, versus, over- 
throw. 

evolo, are, avl, atus, fly away, 

fly up- 

exeo, ire, if, itus, go out, depart 
from. 

exercitus, us, m., army. 

exigo, ere, egi, actus, finish. 

existimo, are, avl, atus, think, 
believe. 

exitium, I, n., destruction, ruin. 

expeditus, a, um, easy, practi- 
cable. 



expello, ere. pull, pulsus, drive 

out, expel. 
explorator, exploratoris, m., 

scout. 

exploro, are, avl, atus, find out. 
explore. 

expugno, are, avl, atus, capture, 
take by storm. 

exsequor, i, secutus sum, fol- 
low out, enforce. 

exspecto, are, avl, atus, await, 
wait for, expect. 

extra, prep. gov. ace, outside 
of, beyond. 

extremus, a, um,endof last, last 
part of. 

F 

facile, easily. 

facilis, facile, easy. 

facio, ere, feci, factus, make, do; 
give, furnish. 

factum, I, n., act, deed. 

facultas, facultatis, f., opportu- 
nity. 

fames, famis, f., hunger. 

familia, ae, f., retinue, retainers, 
household. 

familiaritas, familiaritatis, f., 
friendship, intimacy. 

famula, ae, f., maid, servant. 

Faustulus, i, m., Faustulus. 

faveo, ere, favi, fauturus,/d7'<?r, 
be favorable to. 

feliciter, fortunately, happily. 

felix, felix, gen. felicis, fortu- 
nate, happy. 



3*4 



Elements of Latin 



femina, ae, £., woman. 

ferax, ferax, gen. ieracis, fertile. 

fere, almost, nearly. 

fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, 
carry. 

ferrum, 1, n., iron, iron point 
(of a spear). 

ferus, a, um, wild, savage. 

festum, I, n., festival. 

fidelis, fidele, faithful. 

fides, ei, f., faith, loyalty ; pro- 
tection; pledge, pi'omise. 

fidus, a, um, faithful. 

filia, ae, f., daughter. 

filius, I, m., son. 

finio, ire, ivi, Itus, end, finish. 

finis, finis, m., end, boundary ; 
pi., territory. 

finitimus, a, um, neighboring, 
adjoining. 

finitimus, i, m., neighbor. 

fio, fieri, factus sum, be made, 
be done ; happen, occur. 

firmissime, most strongly (su- 
perlative of firme). 

fistula, ae, i.,pipe. 

flamma, ae, f., blaze, flame. 

Florus, i, m., Florus. 

flumen, fluminis, n., river. 

fluo, ere, fluxi, fLuxus, flow. 

foedus, foederis, n., treaty, 
agreement. 

forte, by chance. 

fortis, forte, strong, brave. 

fortiter, bravely. 

fortuna, ae, f., fortune, fate. 



forum, i, n., market place ; the 
Roman forum. 

fossa, ae, f., ditch, trench. 

frater, fratris, m., brother. 

fremitus, us, m., noise, uproar. 

frigidus, a, um, cold. 

fructus, us, m., fruit, crop. 

frumentarius, a, um, of grain ; 
res frumentaria, grain sup- 
plies, provisions. 

frumentum, i, n., grain. 

frustra, in vain. 

frux, frugis, f., fruit, produce, 

C7'0p. 

Fufetius, i, m., {Marcus) Fufe- 
tius, an Alban leader. 

fuga, ae, i., flight. 

fugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus, flee, 
flee from, escape. 

fugitivus, a, um, runaway, fugi- 
tive. 

fugitivus, i, m.,- runaway slave, 
fugitive. 

fulmen, fulminis, n., thunder- 
bolt. 

furtum, i, n., theft. 

G 

Galba, ae, m., Galba. 

Gallia, ae, f., Gaul. 

Gallicus, a, um, Gallic, of the 

Gauls. 
Gallus, i, m., a Gaul. 
Garumna, ae, m. or f., the 

Garonne River. 
geminus, a, um, twin. 



General 1 r ocabtdaries 



Si 5 



Genava, ae, f., Geneva, 

gener, eri, m., son-in-law. 

gens, gentis, f., tribe, race. 

German!, orum, m., the Her- 
mans. 

gero, ere, gessl, gestus, carry, 
Wear ; carry on, do, perform ; 
wage (war). 

gigno, ere, genui, genitus, pro- 
duce ', give birth to ; passive, be 
born. 

gladius, I, m., sword. 

gracilis, gracile, slender. 

gradus, us, m., step, stair. 

Graecus, a, um, Greek. 

gratia, ae, f., influence, favor. 

gratia, abl., for the sake of. 

gravis, grave, heavy, difficult, 
serious. 

graviter, heavily, seriously. 

H 

habeo, ere, ui, itus, have, possess, 

hold ; maintain, consider; 

deliver (a speech) ; make (an 

enumeration). 
habito, are, avi, atus, inhabit^ 

dwell in. 
Haeduus, I, m., a Haeduan, one 

of the Haedui. 
haud, not. 
Helvetii, drum, m. pi., the 

Helvetians. 
Helvetius, a, um, Helvetian. 
hiberna, orum, n. pi., winter 

quarters. 



hie, haec, hoc, this; pi., these. 

hie, here, in this place, on this 
side i adv.). 

hiemo, are, avi, atus, winter, 
pass the winter. 

hiems, hiemis, f. , winter. 

hinc, from here, hence ; hinc . . . 
hinc, on the one side . . . on 
the other. 

homo, hominis. c, man, human 
being. 

honestus, a. um, honest. 

honor, honoris, m., honor. 

hora, ae, f., hour. 

Horatil. orum, m. pi., the Ilora- 
tii, the Roman brothers who 
fought the Curiatii. 

hortor, ari, atus sum, ut 
encourage. 

hortus. i, m., garden. 

Hostllius, i, m., (Tullus) H 
tilius, third king of Rome. 

hostis, hostis, m., enemy. 

humanitas, humanitatis, f., cul- 
ture, refinement. 

humanus, a, um, human; civil- 
ized, cultivated. 

humilis, humile. low. 



I, for unus. a. um. one. 
iaceo, ere, ui. lie, lie prostrate. 
iacio, ere, ieci, iactus. throw, 
iacto. are. avi. atus, throw, toss 

about. 
iam. now, already, at length. 



316 



Elements of Latin 



Ianiculum, I, n., the Janiculum, 
a hill near Rome. 

ibi, there. 

ico, ere, Ici, ictus, strike. 

ictus, us, m., sti-oke, blow. 

idem, eadem, idem, the same. 

idoneus, a, um, suitable. 

ieiunus, a, um, hungry. 

igitur, therefore. 

ignavus, a, um, idle. 

Ignis, Ignis, m.,fire. 

ille, ilia, illud, that ; pi., those. 

illic, there, on that side. 

immortalis, immortale, undy- 
ing, immortal. 

impedimentum, i, n., hindrance; 
pi., baggage. 

impedio, ire, ivi, Itus, hinder, 
impede. 

impeditus, a, um, hindered, 
under baggage. 

impended, ere, overhang. 

imperator, imperatoris, m., gen- 
eral, co7nmander. 

imperitus, a, um, unskilled, in- 
experienced, ignorant. 

imperium, I, n., order, com- 
mand, rule. 

impero, are, avi, atus, rule, 
command, order. 

impetro, are, avi, atus, obtain 
one's request. 

impetus, us, m., attack. 

impiger, gra, grum, active. 

impleo, ere, evi, etus, fill 
up. 



importo, are, avi, atus, bring 

in, import. 
in, prep. gov. ace, into, toward, 

against ; gov. abl., in, on. 
incendo, ere, cendi, census, 

bum, set fire to. 
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, begin. 
incito, are, avi, atus, urge on, 

arouse. 
incoho, are, avi, atus, begin, 

commence. 
incola, ae, m., inhabitant. 
incolo, ere, colui, inhabit, dwell. 
incolumis, incolume, unharmed, 

safe. 
incredibilis, incredibile, not to 

be believed, incredible. 
inde, thereupon, then. 
indicium, i, n., information, 

evidence. 
indico, ere, dixi, dictus, declare, 

announce. 
induco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead 

on, influence, induce. 
ineo, ire, ii, itus, enter ; form 

(a plan). 
inermis, inerme, unarmed. 
inferior, inferius, lower, in- 
ferior. 
infero, ferre, intuli, illatus, 

bring upon, bring against. 
Inferus, a, um, low.- 
infimus, a, um, lowest. 
Inflecto, ere, flexi, flexus, bend. 
Influo, ere, fluxi, fluxurus, flow 

into. 



General Vocabularies 



3*7 



ingens, ingens, gen. ingentis, 
huge, enormous. 

inhonestus, a, um, dishonest 

inimicus, a, urn, unfriendly, 
li os tile. 

inimicus, i, m., enemy. 

iniuria, ae, f., injury, wrong. 

inopia, ae, f., lack, want. 

inopinans, inopinans, gen. in- 
opinantis, unsuspecting, un- 
awares. 

insequor, 1, secutus sum, fol- 
low up, pursue. 

Insidiae, arum, f. pi., ambush, 
plot. 

Insigne, Insignis, n., sign, mark, 
decoration. 

Insignis, insigne, prominent, re- 
markable, unusual. 

instituo, ere, ul, utus, arrange, 
begin, undertake. 

institutum, I, n., custom, insti- 
tution. 

insto, are, stiti, approach, press 
on. 

instruo, ere, struxl, structus, 
draw up, arrange; equip, 
fit out. 

insula, ae, f., island. 

intellego, ere, lexi, lectus, un- 
derstand, know. 

inter, prep. gov. ace, betiueen, 
among; inter se, with or 
from each other. 

intercipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, 
seize, usurp. 



intercludo, ere, clusi, clusus. 
cut off, shut off. 

interea, meanwhile. 

interficid, ere. feci, fectus. kill. 

interim, meanwhile. 

interimo, ere, emi, emptus, 
kill. 

intermitto, ere, misi, missus, 
let pass, leave an interval. 

interregnum, 1, n., interval be- 
tween reigns, interregnum. 

intersum, esse, fui, be be- 
tiueen. 

intervallum, I, n., space, dis- 
tance apart, interval. 

intro, are, avi, atus, enter. 

inundo, are, avi, atus, overflow^ 
flood. 

invenio, ire, venl, ventus, come 
upon, find. 

invitus, a, um, unwilling. 

ipse, a, um, self, very. 

Ira, ae, f., wrath. 

irrldeo, ere, rlsl, rlsus, laugh 
at, ridicule. 

is, ea, id, he, she, it; pi., they 
(pers.) ; this, that ; pi., these, 
those (demon.). 

iste, a, ud, that, that of yours. 

ita, thus, so. 

Itali, orum, m. pi., the Italians. 

Italia, ae, f., Italy. 

itaque, therefore. 

item, also, likewise. 

iter, itineris, n., march, journey, 
road. 



3i8 



Elements of Latin 



iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus, order, 
command. 

iudicium, i, n., place of judg- 
ment, trial. 

iudico, are, avi, &\ms, judge. 

iugum, I, n., yoke ; ridge (of a 
hill). 

Iulius, l, m., Julius. 

iumentum, i, n., beast of bur- 
den, pack mule. 

iungo. ere, iunxi, iunctus, 
join. 

Iuppiter, Iovis, m., Jupiter. 

Iura, ae, m., the Jura, a range 
of mountains near Lake Ge- 
neva. 

ius, iuris, n., justice, law, light, 
authority. 

ius iurandum, iuris iurandi, n., 
oath. 

iussu, abl., by order. 

iuvo, are, iuvi, iutus, aid, help. 



L., abbreviation for Lucius, I, 

m., Lucius. 
L, for quinquaginta,^/!'. 
Labienus, i, m., Labienus, a 

lieutenant of Caesar. 
labor, laboris, m., labor, task. 
lacesso, ere, Ivi, Itus, harass, 

attack. 
lacrima, ae, f., tear. 
lacus, us, m., lake. 
lapis, lapidis, m., stone. 
late, widely, far. 



latebrae, arum, f. pi., hiding- 
place. 

lateo, ere, ui, lie hid. 

Latini, orum, m. pi., the Latins. 

Latinus, i, m., Latinus, mythical 
king of Latium. 

latitudo, latitudinis, f., width, 
breadth. 

Latium, i, n., Latium, a country 
of Italy, in which Rome was 
situated. 

Latobrigi, orum, m. pi., the La- 
tobrigi, a German tribe near 
the Helvetians. 

latus, a, um, wide, broad. 

latus, lateris, n., side, flank. 

laudo, are, avi, atus, praise. 

Lavinia, ae, f., Lavinia, daugh- 
ter of Latinus. 

Lavinium, i, n., Lavinium, a 
town of Latium. 

legatio, legationis, f., embassy. 

legatus, i, m., lieutenant ; envoy. 

legio, legionis, f., legion. 

lego, ere, legi, lectus, choose, 
appoint; read. 

Lemannus, i, m., Lake Geneva. 

lenitas, lenitatis, f., gentleness, 
smooilmess. 

letalis, letale,/tf/ta/. 

lex, legis, f. , law. 

liber, era, erum,/;<?^. 

liber, bri, m., book. 

lib ere, freely. 

liberi, orum, m. pi., children. 

libero, are, avi, atus,/>r<?, set free. 



General Vocabularies 



319 



libertas, libertatis, f., liberty. 
licet, ere, licuit, it is permitted. 
limus, i, m.j mud. 
Lingones, Lingonum, m., the 

Lingones, a Gallic tribe, 

north of the Sequani. 
lingua, ae, f., language. 
linter, lintris, f., small boat, 

skiff. 
Liscus, 1, m., Liscus, an Haed- 

uan magistrate. 
littera, ae, f., letter (of the al- 
phabet) ; pi, letter, document. 
litus, litoris, n., beach, shore. 
locus, 1, m., place ; pi., loca, 

orum, n. 
longe, far, far off, by far. 
longitudo, longitudinis, f., 

length. 
longus, a, um, long. 
Lucius, 1, m., Lucius, a Roman 

name. 
Lucretia, ae, f., Luc7-etia, wife 

of Collatinus. 
ludus, 1, m., game, public game. 
luna, ae, f., moon. 
lupa, ae, f., she-wolf 
lustro, are, avi, atus, watch, 

obseive. 
lux, lucis, f., light. 

M 

M., abbreviation for Marcus, 1, 

m., Marcus. 
maculo, are, avi, atus, spot, 

stain. 



maestus, a, um, sad, sorrowful. 

magis, more, rather. 
magister, tri, m., master. 
magistrates, us, m., magistrate. 
magnitudo, magnitudinis, f. 

size, greatness. 
magnopere, greatly. 
magnus, a, um, great, lar 
maior, maius, greater, larger. 
male, ill, badly. 
maleficium, i, n., mischief 

harm. 
malo, malle, malui, prefer. 
malus, a, um, bad. 
mando, are, avi, atus, commit, 

entrust. 
maneo, ere, mansi, mansurus, 

stay, remain. 
manus, us, f., hand ; band, 

force. 
Marcius, i, m., {Ancus) Mar- 

cius, fourth king of Rome. 
Marcus, i. m., Marcus, a Ro- 
man name. 
mare, maris, n., sea. 
maritus, i, m., husband. 
Mars, Martis, m., Mars, god 

of war. 
mater, matris, f., mother. 
matrimonium, i, n., marriage; 

in matrimonium ducere, to 

marty. 
Matrona, ae, f., the Marne 

River. 
maturo, are, avi, atus, hasten. 
maturus, a, um, early. 



320 



Elements of Latin 



maxime, most, especially. 

maximus, a, urn, greatest. 

medius, a, um, middle, middle of. 

melior, melius, better. 

melius, better (adv.). 

membrum, i, n., limb. 

memoria, ae, f., memory. 

mens, mentis, i.,-wind. 

mensa, ae, f., table. 

mensis, mensis, m., month. 

mercator, mercatoris, m., mer- 
chant, t?'ader. 

Mercurius, I, m., Mercury, mes- 
senger of the gods. 

mereo, ere, ul, itus, deserve, be 
worthy of. 

Messala,ae, m., {Marcus) Mes- 
sala, consul in 61 B.C. 

metior, iri, mensus sum, meas- 
ure out, distribute. 

Mettius, I, m., forename of 
Mettius Fufetius, an Alban 
leader. 

meus, a, um, my, mine. 

miles, militis, m., soldier. 

militaris, militare, military ; 
res militaris, ??iilitary affairs, 
warfare. 

mflle, thousand. 

minime, least (adv.). 

minimus, a, um, smallest, least. 

minor, minus, smaller, less. 

minus, less (adv.). 

mirus, a, um, wonderful, 
strange, surprising. 

miser, era, erum, wretched. 



misere, wi'etchedly. 

mitto, ere, misi, missus, send. 

modus, i, m., manner, way; 

kind. 
moenia, moenium, n. pi., watts > 

ramparts. 
molestus, a, um, troublesome. 
mollio, ire, ivi, itus, soften, 

make milder, civilize. 
moneo, ere, ui, itus, advise, 

warn. 
mons, montis, m., mountain. 
monstro, are, avi, atus, show, 

point out. 
monstrum, i, n., monster. 
mora, ae, f., delay. 
morbus, i, m., sickness. 
moribundus, a, um, dying. 
Morini, orum, m., the Morini, 

a Belgian tribe. 
morior, i, mortuus sum, die. 
moror, ari, moratus sum, de- 
lay, linger. 
mors, mortis, f., death. 
mos, moris, m., custom, manner. 
motus, us, m., revolt. 
moved, ere, movi, motus, move; 

influence, excite. 
mox, presently, soon. 
mulceo, ere, mulsi, mulsus, 

soothe. 
mulier, mulieris, f., woman. 
multitudo, multitudinis, f., 

multitude. 
multo, much, by much (adv. or 

abl.). 



General Vocabularies 



321 



multum, much (adv.). 
multus,a, um, much; pi., many. 
munio, Ire, ivi, ltus,' fortify, 
munitio, munltionis, f., fortifi- 
cation. 
munus, muneris, n., gift. 
murus, 1, m., wall. 

N 

nam, for. 

Nammeius, 1, m., Nammeius, 
an envoy of the Helvetians. 

narro, are, avl, atus, tell, re- 
late. 

natio, nationis, f., nation. 

natura, ae, f., nature, cha?'acter. 

natus, a, um, born. 

navigo, are, avl, atus, sail, 
navigate. 

navis, navis, f., ship; navis 
longa, warship. 

-ne, interrogative particle. 

ne, lest, that .... not (conj.); 
not (adv). 

nee, see neque. 

necessarius, I, m., kinsman. 

nego, are, avl, atus, say . . . not, 
refuse, deny. 

negotium, I, n., business, task, 
difficulty. 

nemo, m., no one; no genitive; 
dative, nemini ; accusative, 
neminem ; other cases lack- 
ing. 

nepos, nepotis, m., grandson, 
descendant. 



Neptunus, i, m., Neptune, god 

of the sea. 

neque (nee), nor, and not, not; 
neque . . . neque, neither 
. . . nor. 

neuter, tra, trum, neither (of 
two). 

neve, or not, nor. 

nihil, nothing. 

nihilo, abl., by nothing. 

nisi, unless, if . . . not. 

nobilis, nobile, noble. 

nobilitas, nobilitatis, f., no- 
bility. 

noceo, ere, ui, iturus, harm, 
injure. 

nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling, 
wish . . . not. 

nomen, nominis, n., name. 

nominatim, by name, individu- 
ally. 

non, not. 

nonaginta, ninety. 

nondum, not yet. 

nonne, interrogative particle 
(affirmative). 

nonnullus, a, um, some. 

nonus, a, um, ninth. 

noster, tra, trum, our, ours. 

novem, nine. 

novus, a, um, new : novissi- 
mum agmen, the rear guard ; 
novae res. change of affairs, 
revolution. 

nox, noctis, f., night. 

nubo, ere, nupsi,nuptus, marry. 



322 



Elements of Latin 



nudo, are, avi, atus, lay bare, 

strip, leave unprotected. 
nullus, a, um, none. 
num, interrogative particle 

(negative). 
Numa, ae, Numa, forename of 

Numa Pompilius. 
numerus, I, m., number. 
Numitor, Numitoris, m., Numi- 

tor. 
numquam (nunquam), never. 
nunc, 7iow. 
nuncupo, are, avi, atus, name, 

call. 
nuntio, are, avi, atus, report, 

announce. 
nuntius, I, m., messenger. 
nuper, recently. 
nuptiae, arum, f., wedding. 
nympha, ae, i., nymph. 

O 

ob, prep. gov. ace, on account 
of, for. 

obaeratus, I, m., debtor. 

obeo, ire, if, itus, die, per- 
ish. 

oboedio, ire, ivi, Itus, obey. 

obruo, ere, rui, rutus, destroy, 
overwhelm. 

obses, obsidis, m., hostage. 

obsidio, obsidionis, f., siege. 

obtestor, ari, atus sum, im- 
plore, call to witness. 

obtineo, ere, ui, tentus, hold, 
occupy ; obtain. 



occasio, occasionis, f., oppor- 
tunity. 
occasus, us, m., setting (of the 

sun). 
occido, ere, cidi, cisus, kill, slay. 
occupo, are, avi, atus, seize, 

take possession of. 
Oceanus, I, m., the ocean, the 

Atlantic. 
octavus, a, um, eighth. 
octo, eight. 
octoginta, eighty. 
oculus, I, m., eye. 
officium, I, n., duty. 
olim, formerly. 
omnino, in all, altogether. 
omnis, omne, all, every. 
onerarius, a, um, of burden ; 

naves onerariae, freight 

ships, transports. 
opera, ae, f., assistance, aid. 
opinio, opinionis, f., opinion, 

reputation. 
oportet, ere, uit, it behooves, is 

fitting (impersonal). 
oppidum, I, n., town, walled 

town. 
opportunus, a, um, fit, suitable. 
oppugnatio, oppugnationis, f., 

assault. 
oppugno, are, avi, atus, attack. 
optime, best (adv.). 
optimus, a, um, best. 
opto, are, avi, atus, desire. 
opus, operis, n., work; pi., 

works, fortifications. 



General Vocabularies 



323 



oratio, dratidnis, f., speech. 
ordino, are, avi, atus, reeord^ 



arrange. 



ordo, ordinis, m., rank, line, 

order. 
Orgetorix, Orgetorigis, m., 

Orgetorix, a leader of the 

Helvetians. 
orior, iri, ortus sum, arise. 
ostendd, ere, tendi, tentus, 

show, point out, tell. 
Ostia, ae, f., Oslia, the seaport 

of Rome. 
ostium, 1, n., mouth, entrance. 
ovum, i, n., egg. 



parvus, a, um, small, little. 

passus, us, in., pace (about five 
feet). 

pastor, pastoris, r.i., shepherd. 

patefacio, ere, feci, factus. open. 

pateo, ere, ui, lie open; extend, 
stretch. 

pater, patris, m., father. 

paternus, a, um, paternal. 

patior, i, passus sum, permit, 
allow, suffer. 

patria, ae, f., country, father- 
land. 

pauci, ae, A, few. 

paulatim, gradually, little by 
little. 

paulum, a little. 



P., abbreviation for Publius, i, pax, pacis, f., peace. 
m., Publius, a Roman name, pecunia, ae, f. , money. 



paco, are, avi, atus, make peace, 
pacify, subdue. 

paene, almost, nearly. 

pagus, i, m., division, district, 
canton. 

par, par, gen. paris, equal, like, 
a match for. 

paratus, a, um, ready, prepared. 

pareo, ere, ui, iturus, obey. 

pario, ere, peperi, partus, bring 
forth, give birth to. 

paro, are, avi, Htus, provide, pre- 
pare. 



pecus, pecoris, n., herd, flock, 

cattle. 
pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier ; 

pi., infantry. 
peior, peius, worse. 
peius, worse (adv.). 
pello, eie, pepuli, pulsus, drive, 

drive out, drive away. 
pendo, ere, pependi, pensus, 

pay. 
per, prep. gov. ace, through, 

over, by means of. on account 

of 



pars, partis, f., part, side, direc- perdo, ere, perdidi, ditus, lose. 

Hon; una ex parte, on one perduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead 

side. through, conduct; construct, 

parum, little (adv.). make. 



3 2 4 



Elements of Latin 



pererrd, are, avi, atus, wander 
through. 

perfacilis, perfacile, very easy. 

perfero, ferre, tuli, latus, carry 
through, endure. 

perficio, ere, feci, fectus, accom- 
plish, finish. 

perfidia, ae, f., treachery. 

perfringo, ere, fregi, fractus, 
break through. 

perfuga, ae, m., deserter. 

periculum, i, n., danger, risk. 

perltus, a, um, skillful, skilled, 
experienced. 

permoveo, ere, movi, motus, 
move deeply, excite, influence. 

perpauci, ae, a, very few. 

perrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus, 
break through, force a passage. 

persequor, I, secutus sum, fol- 
low up, pursue. 

persolvo, ere, solvi, solutus, 
pay, suffer (punishment). 

persuaded, ere, suasi, suasus, 
persuade. 

perterreo, ere, ui, itus, frighten, 
terrify. 

pertineo, ere, ui, tend, pertain 
to. 

perturbo, are, avi, atus, con- 
fuse, disturb. 

pervenio, ire, veni, ventus, 
reach, come to, arrive. 

pes, pedis, m.,foot. 

pessime, worst (adv.). 

pessimus, a, um, worst. 



peto, ere, ivi (ii), itus, ask, beg; 

seek. 
phalanx, phalangis, i., phalanx. 
pilleus, i, m., cap. 
pilum, i, n., javelin. 
Piso, Pisonis, m., (Marcus) 

Piso, consul at Rome in 

6l B.C. 

plebs, plebis, f., common people, 

populace. 
plenus, a, woo., full. 
plerique, aeque, aque, most, 

most people, most things. 
ploro, are, avi, atus, bewail, 

lament. 
plurimum, most (adv.). 
plurimus, a, um, most. 
plus, pluris, more ; pi., pltires, 

several, many. 
plus, more (adv.). 
Plutus, i, m., Plutus. 
poena, ae, f., penalty. 
polliceor, eri, itus sum, promise. 
Pompilius, i, m., (Numd) Pom- 

pilius, second king of Rome, 
pomum, i, n., apple. 
pono, ere, posui, positus, put, 

place, establish. 
pons, pontis, m., bridge. 
populatio, populationis, f., plun- 
dering, ravaging. 
populor, ari, atus sum, ravage, 

lay waste. 
populus, i, m., people. 
porculus, i, m., little pig. 
porta, ae, f., gate. 



General Vocabularies 



325 



portendo, ere, tendi, tentus, 
foretell, predict. 

porto, are, avi, atus, carry, bring. 

portus, us, m., harbor, port. 

posco, ere, poposci, demand, 
require. 

possessio, possessions, f., pos- 
sessions, lands. 

possideo, ere, sedi, sessus, 
possess, hold. 

possum, posse, potui, be able, 
can ; plurimum posse, to be 
very powerful, most powerful. 

post, prep. gov. ace, after, 
behind ; as adverb, after, 
afterwards. 

postea, afterwards. 

poster!, orum, m., descendants, 
posterity. 

posterus, a, um, following, next. 

posthac, after this, in future. 

postquam, after (conj.). 

postridie, on the next day. 

postulo, are, avl, atus, demand. 

potens, potens, gen. potentis, 
powerful. 

potestas, potestatis, f., power, 
authority. 

potior, iri, Itus sum, get posses- 
sion of, obtain. 

praebeo, ere, ui, itus, afford, 
show, furnish^ provide. 

praecedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, 
excel, surpass. 

praecipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, 
command, direct. 



praecipue, chiefly^ especially. 

praeda, ae, f., booty. 
praedico, are, avl, atus, saw 

declare. 

praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, place 
in command. 

praemitto, ere, misi, missus, 
send ahead. 

praemium, i, n., reward. 

praeopto, are, avl, atus, pre- 
fer. 

praesertim, especially. 

praesidium, i, n., guard, garri- 
son, protection. 

praesto, are, stiti, stitus, show, 
exhibit. 

praesum, esse, fui, be in com- 
mand. 

praeter, prep. gov. ace, besides, 
except. 

praetor, praetoris, m., com- 
mander, general. 

primo, at first, first (adv.). 

primum, first (adv.). 

primus, a, um, first; primum 
agmen, the first {of) the col- 
umn, the van. 

princeps, princeps, gen. prin- 
cipis, chief, principal. 

princeps, principis, in., chief. 

prior, prius, former. 

Priscus, i. m., Prise us. 

pro, prep. gov. abl., for, in be- 
half of; instead of; before, in 
front of ; in comparison with, 
in proportion to. 



326 



Elements of Latin 



probo, are, avi, atus, approve ; 
prove, test. 

procedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, 
advance, go forward. 

procul, far. 

prodigium, i, n., o?nen, portent, 
prodigy. 

proelium, 1, n., battle. 

profectio, profectionis, f., de- 
parture, start. 

proficiscor, I, fectus sum, set 
out, depart. 

profundus, a, um, deep. 

progredior, I, gressus sum, 
advance. 

prohibeo, ere, ui, itus, keep 
from, prevent, prohibit, stop. 

prope, nearly, almost 

propello, ere, pull, pulsus, rout, 
drive away, put to flight. 

propero, are, avi, atus, hasten. 

propior, propius, nearer. 

propius, nearer (adv.). 

propter, prep. gov. ace, on 
account of 

propterea, on this account; 
propterea quod, because. 

propugno, are, avi, atus, fight 
back, resist. 

prosum, prodesse, profui, bene- 
fit, be useful to. 

provided, ere, vidi, visus, pro- 
vide, provide for, foresee. 

provincia, ae, f., province. 

proxime, next, neai'est, last, 
recently (adv.). 



proximus, a, um, nearest, next. 

prudens, prudens, gen. pru- 
dentis, wise, prudent. 

prudenter, wisely. 

publicus, a, um, public. 

puella, ae, f., girl. 

puer, eri, m., boy. 

pueritia, ae, f., childhood, youth. 

pugna, ae, f., fight. 

pugno, are, avi, Htus, fight. 

pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful. 

pulchre, beautifully. 

puto, are, avi, atus, think, sup- 
pose, consider. 

putridus, a, um, rotten. 



qua, where. 

quadragesimus, a, um, fortieth. 

quadraginta, forty. 

quadringenti, ae, a, four hun- 
dred. 

quaero, ere, quaesivi, quae- 
situs, inquire, ask. 

qualis, quale, of what kind ? of 
what sort ? 

quam, than. 

quantus, a, um, how much ? 

quartus, a, um, fourth. 

quattuor, four. 

-que, and (enclitic). 

querela, ae, f., complaint. 

queror, querl, questus sum, 
co??iplain. 

qui, quae, quod, who, which, 
what, that(re\. pron.). 



General Vocabularies 



327 



qui, quae, quod, wliat? what 

kind of ? (xntevrog. adj.). 
quidam, quaedam, quiddam 

(quoddam) , certain, a certain 

(person or thing). 
quidem, indeed, even ; ne . . . 

quidem, not . . . even. 
quingenti, ae, a, five hundred. 
quini, ae, a, five, five at a time. 
quinque, five. 
quintus, a, urn, fifth. 
quis, quid, who ? which ? 

what ? 
quisquam, quidquam, any one 

(at all). 
quisque, quaeque, quidque 

(quodque), each, every. 
quod, because. 
quoque, also, too. 
quot, how many ? 

R 

rapfna, ae, f., plunder, pillage. 

rapid, ere, rapui, raptus, seize 
and cany off. 

raptim, hurriedly, hastily. 

raptor, raptoris, m., captor, rav- 
isher. 

ratio, rationis, f., reason; ac- 
count, reckoning. 

ratis, ratis, f., raft. 

Rauraci, drum, m. pi., the Rau- 
raci, a nation on the upper 
Rhine. 

recens, recens, gen. recentis, 
recent. 



recipio, ere, cepi. ceptus, take 
back, receive . se recipere, to 
re/real. 

recreo, are, avl, atus, refresh. 

recupero, are, avl, atus, get 
back, recover. 

recuso, are, avl, atus, refuse. 

reddo, ere, didi, ditus, return, 
give back. 

redeo, ire, ii, iturus. return, go 
back. 

redintegro, are, avl, atus, re- 
new, revive. 

reditio, reditionis, ingoing back, 
return. 

reduco, ere, duxl, ductus, lead 
back. 

refero, ferre, rettuli, relatus, 
bring back. 

refluo, ere, fin w back. 

regina, ae, f., queen. 

regio, regionis, f., region, district. 

regno, are, avl, atus, rule. 

regnum, i, n., rule, throne, 
kingdom. 

rego, ere, rexi, rectus, rule. 

reicio, ere,'ieci, iectus, drive 
back, repel. 

religio, religionis, f., moral obli- 
gation, sense of duty, religion. 

relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus, leave, 
leave behind, abandon. 

reliquus, a, um, remaining, 
rest of. 

remaned, ere. mansi, raansu- 
rus, remain. 



328 



Elements of Latin 



Remi, orum, m., the Remi, a 
Gallic tribe. 

removeo, ere, movi, motus, 
remove. 

Remus, I, m., Remus. 

renuntio, are, avi, atus, report. 

repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus, 
drive back, repulse. 

repente, suddenly, unexpectedly. 

repentinus, a, um, sudden. 

reperio, Ire, repperi, repertus, 
find, discover. 

repono, ere, posui, positus, re- 
place, restore. 

res, rei, f., thing, affair, matter. 

rescindo, ere, scidi, scissus, 
tear down. 

rescisco, ere, scivi, scitus, dis- 
cover, learn. 

resisto, ere, stiti, resist. 

responded, ere, spondi, spon- 
sus, answer, reply. 

restituo, ere, ui, utus, restore, 
replace. 

retineo, ere, ui, tentus, 7-etain, 
maintain. 

reverentia, ae, f., respect, regard. 

reverto, ere, verti, versus, go 
back, return ; (usually de- 
ponent in pres., imperf., and 
future). 

revoco, are, avi, atus, recall. 

rex, regis, m., king. 

Rhea Silvia, Rheae Silviae, f., 
Rhea Silvia. 

Rhenus, I, m., the Rhine. 



Rhodanus, i, m., the Rhone. 
rideo, ere, risi, risus, laugh at. 
rigeo, ere, stiffen, become stiff. 
rima, ae, f., crack. 
ripa, ae. f., bank, shore. 
rogo, are, avi, atus, ask. 
Roma, ae, f., Rome. 
Roman!, drum, m., the Romans. 
Romanus, a, um, Roman. 
Romulus, I, m., Romulus. 
rosa, ae, f., rose. 
rursus, again. 
rus, ruris, n., the country. 



Sabini, drum, m. pi., the Sa- 
bines, a tribe north of Rome. 

sacerdos, sacerdotis, c, priest, 
priestess. 

sacrum, I, n., sacred rite, reli- 
gious rite. 

saepe, often. 

saevus, a, um, savage. 

salto, are, avi, atus, dance. 

salus, salutis, f., safety. 

saluto, are, avi, atus,^r^/, hail. 

Santones, Santonum, m., the 
Santones, a people of western 
Gaul. 

sarcina, ae, f., pack, baggage 
pack (of an individual sol- 
dier). 

satis, enough, sufficiently (adv.); 
enough (noun). 

Saturnia, ae, f., Saturnia. 

Saturnus, i, m., Saturnus. 



General Vocabularies 






saxum, i, n., rock. 

scelus, sceleris, n., crime, wicked 
deed. 

scio, scire, scivl, scitus, know. 

scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, 
write. 

scutum, i, n., shield. 

secundus, a, um, second. 

sed, but. 

sedecim, sixteen. 

sedes, sedis, f., seat, throne. 

Segusiavi, drum, m. pi., a Gallic 
tribe, south of the Haedui. 

sementis, sementis, f., sowing. 

semper, always. 

senator, senatoris, m., senator. 

senatus, us, m., senate. 

senex, senis, m., old man. 

seni, ae, a, six, six at a time. 

sententia, ae, f., opinion, de- 
cision. 

sentio, Ire, sensi, sensus, per- 
ceive, learn. 

separatim, separately. 

septem, seven. 

Septimus, a, um, seventh. 

sepultura, ae, f., burial. 

Sequana, ae, f., the Seine. 

Sequani, orum, m., the Sequaui, 
a Gallic tribe. 

sequor, I, secutus sum, follow, 
pursue. 

servitus, servitutis, f., slavery. 

Servius, I, m., Servius, forename 
of Servius Tullius. 

servo, are, avi, atus, save, keep. 



servus. i. m., slave. 

sex, six. 

sextus, a, um, sixth. 

si, whether^ if. 

sic, so i thus. 

siccum, I, n., dry land. 

sicuti, just as, as. 

significo, are, avi, atus, mean, 

signify. 
signum, I, n., standard, signal 
silva, ae, f., forest, woods. 
Silvius, I, m., Silvius. 
Silvius Proca, Silvii Procae, 

m., Silvius Proca. 
similis, simile, like. 
sine, prep. gov. abl ., without. 
singuli, ae, a, one at a time, 

singly. 
sinister, tra, trum, left. 
sinistra, ae, f., left hand. 
sino, ere, sivi, situs, permit, 

allow. 
sive, or if; sive . . .she. 

either . . . or. 
socer, eri, m., father-in-law. 
socius, 1, m., ally, companion. 
sol, solis, m., sun. 
solum, i, n., soil, ground. 
solus, a, um, alone. 
sonus, I, in., sound. 
species, el, f.. sight, appearance. 
specto, are. avi, atus. look at, 

watch. 
spero, are, avi, atus, hope, hope 

for. 
spes, spei, f., hope. 



330 



Elements of Latin 



splendide, magnificently. 
spolio, are, avi, atus, rob, steal. 
statim, at once, immediately. 
statuo, ere, ui, utus, decide, 

resolve. 
stipendium, 1, n., tribute, tax. 
sto, stare, steti, staturus, stand. 
strenuus, a, um, vigorous, ac- 
tive. 
studeo, ere, ui, be eager for, 

desire, favor. 
studium, I, desire, eagerness. 
sub, prep. gov. ace, tinder, 

toward ; gov. abl., under, at 

the foot of. 
subduco, ere, duxl, ductus, 

withdraw, carry off. 
subeo, ire, ii, itus, undergo, 

endure; approach. 
subito, suddenly. 
subitus, a, um, sudden. 
sublatus, a, um, elated. 
sublevo, are, avi, atus, raise, 

lift. 
subsidium, i, n., assistance. 
subsisto, ere, stiti, halt, make a 

stand. 
succedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, 

follow, succeed ; approach, 

come up. 
sui, of himself, herself, itself ; 

pi., of themselves. 
Sulla, ae, m., (Lucius) Sulla, a 

famous Roman commander, 
sum, esse, ful, futurus, be, am. 
summa, ae, f., total, sum. 



summus, a, um, highest, top of; 
greatest. 

sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus, 
take, get, gather. 

sumptus, us, m., expense. 

super, prep. gov. ace, over, 
above. 

Superbus, i, m., (Tarauinius) 
Superbus, seventh king of 
Rome. 

superior, superius, higher, up- 
per ; former. 

supero, are, avi, atus, conquer, 
overcome ; surpass, excel. 

supersum, esse, fui, futurus, 
survive, remain. 

superus, a, um, high. 

suppeto, ere, Ivi, Iturus, be on 
hand. 

suppleo, ere, evi, etus, fill up, 
supply. 

supplicium, I, n., punishment, 
tortui'e. 

supremus, a, um, last. 

suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, un- 
dertake, begin ; assume, take up. 

suspicio, susplcionis, f., sus- 
picion. 

sustineo, ere, ui, tentus, en- 
dure, withstand, check. 

suus, a, um, his, her, its, their. 



T., abbreviation for Titus, i, 

m., Titus. 
tabula, ae, f., tablet, list, record. 



General Vocabularies 



tfi 



talis, tale, such. 

tarn, so. 

tamen, nevertheless, however. 

Tanaquil, Tanaquilis, f., Tana- 
quil, wife of Tarquinius 
Priscus. 

tandem, at length, finally. 

tantus, a, um, such, so great. 

Tarpeia, ae, f., Tarpeia, a 
Roman maiden. 

Tarpeius, a, um, Tarpeian, of 
Tarpeia. 

Tarquinii, drum, m., Tarquinii, 
a town of Etruria. 

Tarquinius. i, m., Tarquinius, 
family name of the fifth and 
seventh kings of Rome. 

taurus, i, m., bull. 

tectum, i, n., house, roof. 

telum, l, n., weapon. 

temere, rashly. 

tempero, are, avi, atus. refrain, 
keep from. 

tempestas, tempestatis, f., 
weather; storm, tempest. 

templum, I, n., temple. 

tempto, are, avi, atus, try, 
attempt. 

tempus, temporis, n., time ; oc- 
casion. 

teneo, ere, ui, tentus, keep, 
hold ; restrain. 

tener, era, erum, tender. 

tento, are, avi, atus, try, at- 
tempt. 

tergum, I, n., back. 



termino, are, avi, atus. hound. 
terra, ae. f.. land, country; 
terra marique, by land and 

SCO. 

territorium. I, n.. territory. 
tertius, a, um, third. 
thesaurus, i, m., treasure. 
Tiberis, Tiberis. in., the Tiber 

River. 
Tigurinus, i, m., Tigurinus, one 

of the cantons of the Helve- 
tians ; pi., the people of the: 

canton, the Tigurini. 
timeo, ere, ui, fear. 
timor, timoris, m.. fear. 
Titus, i, m., Titus. 
tolero, are, avi. atus, endure, 

bear. 
tolld, ere, sustuli. sublatus. 

lift, raise ; remove, destroy. 
Tolosates, Tolosatium, in. pi. 

the Tolosates, a Gallic tribe, 
totus, a, um, whole. 
trado, ere, didi, ditus, deliver, 

give up, hand over ; hand 

down,) relate. 
traduco, ere, duxi. ductus, lead 

across, lead through. 
trans, prep. gov. ace, across. 
transeo, ire. ii, itus. cross, 

across. 
transfigo, ere. fixi, fixus. piet 

transfix. 
transigo, ere, egi. actus, pa^\ 

spend. 
transilio. ire. ui. jump over. 



33 2 



Elements of Latin 



transports, are, avi, atus, carry 

across, transport. 
trecenti, ae, a, three hundred. 
tres, tria, three. 
tricesimus, a, urn, thirtieth. 
triduum, 1, n., three days' 1 time. 
trigemini, orum, m. pi., triplets. 
triginta, thirty. 
triplex, triplex, gen. triplicis, 

triple, three deep. 
triumpho, are, avi, atus, 

triumph, celebrate a triumph. 
Troia, ae, f., Troy. 
Troianus, a, um, Trojan. 
tu, tui, thou, you. 
tuba, ae, f., trumpet. 
Tulingi, orum, m. pi., the Tu- 

lingi, a German tribe, north 

of the Helvetians. 
Tullia, ae, £., Tullia, daughter 

of Servius Tullius. 
Tullius, I, in. j (Servius) Tullius, 

sixth king of Rome. 
Tullus, I, m., Tullus, forename 

of Tullus Hostilius. 
turn, then. 

tumulus, I, m., mound. 
turris, turris, f., tower. 
tutor, tu tori s, m., guardian, tutor. 
tutus, a, um, safe. 
tuus, a, um, thy, thine, your. 
tyrannus, I, m., despot, tyrant. 

U 

uber, uberis, n., udder, breast. 
ubi, where, when ; where ? 



Ubii, orum, m., the Ubii, a Ger- 
man tribe. 

ulciscor, i, ultus sum, avenge, 
punish. 

ullus, a, um, any. 

ulterior, ulterius, farther; Gal- 
lia ulterior, farther Gaul; su- 
perlative, ultimus, a, um, last. 

ultra, prep. gov. ace, beyond. 

umerus, i, m., shoulder. 

umquam (unquam), ever. 

unda, ae, f., wave. 

unde, whence, from which. 

undique, from all directions, on 
all sides. 

unus, a, um, one, alone, only. 

urbs, urbis, f., city. 

usque, until, up to. 

usus, us, m., experience ; advan- 
tage, use. 

ut (uti), that, in order that, so 
that; (with verbs of fearing), 
that . . . not. 

uter, utra, utrum, which (of two). 

uterque, traque, trumque, each 
(of two), both. 

uti, see ut. 

utinam, would that. 

utor, uti, usus sum, use, employ. 

uxor, uxoris, f., wife. 



V, abbreviation for quinque, 

five. 
vaco, are, avi, atus, be vacant, 

be unoccupied. 



General Vocabularies 






vadum, I, n., ford, shoal. 

vagitus, us, m., crying. 

valeo, ere, ui, iturus, be strong, 
powe?'ful. 

valid us, a, um, strong. 

vallum, I, n., rampart, earth- 
works. 

vanus, a, um, empty, vain. 

vasto, are, avi, atus, lay 
ivasie. 

venio, ire, vera, venturus, 
come. 

ventus, I, m., wind. 

verbero, are, avi, atus, beat. 

Verbigenus, 1, m., Verbigei/us, 
one of the cantons of the Hel- 
vetians. 

verbum, 1, n., word. 

vereor, eri, itus sum, fear, be 
afraid of. 

verto, ere, verti, versus, turn; 
tergum vertere, to turn one's 
back, to flee. 

Verucloetius, I, m., Verucloetius, 
an envoy of the Helve- 
tians. 

vesper, eri, m., evening. 

Vesta, ae, f., Vesta, goddess of 
the hearth. 

Vestalis, Vestale, Vestal, of 
Vesta. 

vester, tra, trum, your, yours. 

veteranus, a, um, veteran. 

veterrimus, a, um, oldest. 

veto, are, vetui, vetitus, for- 
bid. 



vetus, vetus, gen. veteris, old. 
ancient, 

vetustior, vetustius. older. 
vexo, are, avi, atus, harass, 

annoy. 

via, ae, f., ivav, road. 

vicesimus, a, um, twentieth. 

vicinus, i, m., neighbor. 

victor, victoris, in., victor. 

victoria, ae, f , victory. 

vicus, I, m., village 

video, ere, vidi, visus, see. 

videor, eri, visus sum, be sec//, 
seem (passive of video i. 

vigilia, ae, f., watch (of the 
night). 

vinco, ere, vici, victus con- 
quer. 

vinculum, i, n., chain, fetter, 
bond. 

vinea, ae, f., shed (a shelter to 
protect a besieging force). 

violentia, ae, f., violence. 

* 

vir, viri, m., man. 

virgo, virginis, f., maiden, girl, 
virgin. 

virtus, virtutis, f., valor. />/ 
ery ; virtue. 

vis, vis, f., strength, force, vio- 
lence ; vim facere, to do 
violence, use for 

vito, are, avi. atus, avoid. 

vivo, ere, vixi. victus, live. 

vix, hardly, scarcely. 

voco, are, avi, atus, call, sum- 
mon. 



334 



Elements of Latin 



volo, velle, volui, wish, be will- 



ing. 



voluntas, voluntatis, f., wish, 

willingness, approval. 
vox, vocis, f., voice. 
vulgo, commonly, generally. 



vulnero, are, avi, atus, wound. 
vulnus, vulneris, n., wound. 



X, abbreviation for decern, 
ten. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 



absent, absens, absens, gen. 

absentis. 
accomplish, perficio, ere, feci, 

fectus. 
across, trans, prep. gov. ace. 
adapted, aptus, a, urn. 
adopt, capio, ere, cepi, captus. 
advance, progredior, 1, gressus 

sum. 
advise, moneo, ere, ui, itus. 
affair, res, rel,/. 
afford, praebeo, ere, ui, itus. 
after, post, prep. gov. ace. 
again, rursus. 

against, contra, prep. gov. ace. 
aid, auxilium, I, n. 
all, omnis, omne. 
Allobroges, Allobroges, Allo- 

brogum, m. 
ally, socius, I, m. 
almost, fere, 
alone, solus, a, um. 
already, iam. 
although, cum. 
ambush, Tnsidiae 5 arum,/.//. 



ancient, vetus, vetus, gen. ve- 

teris. 
and, et ; atque (ac) ; -que. 
animal, animal, animalis, n. 
annoy, vexo, are, avi, atus. 
another, alius, a, ud. 
any, ullus, a, um. 
anyone, anything, quisquam, 

quidquam. 
appearance, species, t\,f. 
approach (nouit), aditus, us, m. 
approach (verb), appropinquo, 

are, avi, atus. 
approve, probo, are, avi, atus. 
Aquileia, Aquileia, ae,/ 
Ariovistus, Ariovistus, I, m. 
arm, armo, are, avi, atus. 
arms, arma, orum, n.pl. 
army, exercitus, us, m. 
arouse, incito, are, avi, atus. 
arrival, adventus, us, m. 
ask, rogo, are, avi, atus. 
assemble, convenio, Tre, veni, 

ventum. 
assistance, subsidium, I, n. ; 

opera, ae,./ 
at once, statim. 



General Vocabularies 






attack (noun), impetus, us, m. 
attack (vera), oppugn 6, are, avi, 

atus ; aggredior, I, gressus 

sum. 
attempt (noun), con atus, lis, m. 
attempt (verff), tempto, are, avi, 

atus ; conor, an, atus sum. 
authority, auctoritas, auctori- 

tatis,/. 
auxiliaries, auxilia, orum, ;/. //. 
avoid, vito, are, avi, atus. 
await, exspecto, are, avi, atus. 

B 

bad, malus, a, um. 

baggage, impedimenta, orum, 

n. pi. 
bank, ripa, ae,/. 
barbarian, barbarus, I, m. 
battle, proelium, I, n. 
be, sum, esse, fui, futurus. 
be able, possum, posse, potui. 
be absent, absum, abesse, aful, 

afuturus. 
be away, see be absent, 
be distant, see be absent, 
be done, fio, fieri, factus sum. 
be in charge, praesum, esse, 

fui. 
be informed, certior fio, fieri, 

factus sum. 
be mistaken, erro, are, avi, 

atus. 
be present, adsum, esse, fui, 

futurus. 
be strong, valeo, ere, 111, iturus. 



be unwilling, nolo, nolle, nolui. 

be willing, volo, velle, volui. 

bear, fero, ferre, tuh. latus. 

beautiful, pulcher, chra, chrum. 

beautifully, pulchre. 

because, quod. 

before {adv.), ante. 

before, ante, prep. gotf. ace. 

begin, incipio, ere, cepi, c eptus. 

behind, post, prep. gov. ace. 

Belgians, Belgae, arum, ///. />/. 

believe, existimo, are, avi, atus. 

better, melior, melius. 

boat, navis, navis,/. 

body, corpus, corporis, //. 

bold, audax, audax, gen. au 
dacis. 

book, liber, bri, ni. 

boy, puer, erf, m. 

brave, fortis, forte. 

bravely, fortiter. 

bravery, virtus, virtiitis,/. 

bridge, pons, pontis, ///. 

brief, brevis, breve. 

briefly, breviter. 

bring, affero, ferre, attuli, al- 
latus. 

bring about, efficio, ere. ft 
fectus. 

Britain, Britannia, ae,/ 

broad, latus, a, um. 

brother, f rater, fratris. ///. 

building, aedificium. i, //. 

burn, incendo, ere, cendi. cen- 
sus. 

but, sed ; autem. 



33^ 



Elements of Latin 



buy, emo, ere, emi, emptus. 
by, a, ab, prep. gov. abl. 



Caesar, Caesar, Caesaris, m. 
calamity, calamitas, calamitatis, 

/• 

call, voco, are, avi, atus ; ap- 

pello, are, avi, atus. 
camp, castra, orum, n. pi. 
can, see be able, 
captive, captlvus, I, i?i. 
capture, expugno, are, avi, atus; 

capio, ere, cepT, captus. 
carry, porto, are, avi, atus ; 

fero, ferre, tuli, latus. 
carry across, transporto, are, 

avi, atus. 
cart, carrus, I, m. 
Catiline, CatilTna, ae, m. 
cause, causa, ae, f. 
cavalry, equitatus, us, m. ; 

equites, ?n. pi. 
cavalry, equestrian (adj.), 

equester, equestris, equestre. 
cease, desisto, ere, stiti. 
centurion, centurio, centuri- 

onis, m. 
certain, certus, a, um. 
chain, catena, ae,/ 
change, commutatio, commuta- 
tion is,/. 
chief, prmceps, prlncipis, m. 
children, liberl, orum, m. 
choose, deligo, ere, legi, lectus ; 

creo, are, avi, atus. 



Cicero, Cicero, Ciceronis, m. 
citadel, arx, arcis,/ 
citizen, clvis, civis, m. or/. 
city, urbs, urbis,/. 
cohort, cohors, cohortis,/. 
collect, cogo, ere, coegi, coac- 

tus. 
column, agmen, agminis, n. 
come, venio, Ire, veni, venturus. 
command (noun), imperium, 

I, n. 
command (verb), impero, are, 

avi, atus ; praecipio, ere, 

cepi, ceptus. 
commander, imperator, impera- 

toris, m. 
commence (battle), committo, 

ere, misT, missus. 
common, communis, commune. 
compel, cogo, ere, coegi, coac- 

tus. 
concerning, de, prep. gov. abl. 
condition, condicio, condi- 

cionis, /. 
confer, colloquor,!, locutus sum. 
conference, colloquium, I, n. 
confine, contineo, ere, m, ten- 

tus. 
confuse, perturbo, are, avi, atus. 
conquer, vinco, ere, vlci, victus. 
consider, habeo, ere, uT, itus. 
conspiracy, coniuratio, coniura- 

tionis, /. 
conspire, coniuro, are, avi, atus. 
consul, consul, consulis, m. 
could, see be able. 



General Vocabularies 



337 



council, concilium, 1, ;/. 

country, rus, ruris, n. ; patria, 

ae, /. (fatherland ) . 

courageously, audacter. 

cross, transeo, Ire, il, itus. 

cry, clamor, clamoris, m* 

custom, mos, moris, m. 

cut off, intercludo, ere, clusi, 

clusus. 

D 

daily, cotldianus, a, um. 
danger, periculum, I, n. 
dare, audeo, ere, ausus sum. 
daughter, filia, ae,/. 
day, dies, diel, m. or f. 
daybreak, at daybreak, prima 

luce ; orta luce. 
dear, cams, a, um. 
dearly, care, 
death, mors, mortis,/. 
decide, constituo, ere, ul, utus. 
deep, altus, a, um. 
defend, defendo, ere, fendl, 

fensus. 
defender, defensor, defensoris, 

m. 
definite, certus, a, um. 
delay, moror, arl, atus sum. 
deliver, trado, ere, didl, ditus ; 

(of a speech), habeo, ere, ui, 

itus. ' 
demand, postulo, are, avl, atus. 
depart, proficiscor, I, fectus 

sum ; exeo, ire, il, itus. 
dependent, cliens, clientis, m. 

orf 



depth, altitudo, altitudinis,/ 
desert, desero, ere, ul, sertus. 
desire (noun), cupiditas, cupi- 

di talis / 
desire (verb), opto. arc, avi, 

atus; cupio, ere, ivi, itus. 
desirous, cupidus, a, um. 
destroy, dlruo, ere, rul, rutus. 
die, morior, I, mortuus sum. 
difficult, difficilis, difficile. 
difficulty, difficultas, difficulta- 

tis, / ; negotium, i, //. 
direction, pars, partis./. 
disaster, calamitas, calamitatis 

/ 

discover, reperio, ire, repperi, 

repertus; com per io, ire, 

com perl, compertus. 
distribute, metior, Iri, mensus 

sum. 
disturb, perturbo, are, avi, atus. 
Diviciacus, Diviciacus, I, m. 
divide, dlvido, ere, \isi. visus. 
division, pagus, I, ///. 
do, facio, ere, feci, factus ; ago, 

ere, cg\, actus, 
draw, duco, ere, duxl, ductus, 
draw up, Instruo, ere, struxi. 

structus. 
drive, ago, ere, egi, actus. 
drive out, expello, ere, pull, 

pulsus. 
Dumnorix. Dumnorix, Dumno- 

rigis, ui. 
duty, officium, i, //. 
dwell, incolo, ere, colul. 



338 



Elements of Latin 



each, quisque, quaeque, quid- 

que (quodque). 
each other, with or to each 

other, inter se. 
eager, alacer, alacris, alacre. 
eagerness, studium, T, n. 
easily, facile, 
easy, facilis, facile. 
eight, octo. 

elect, creo, are, avi, atus. 
embankment, agger, aggeris, 

m. 
embassy, legatio, legationis,/ 
encourage, hortor, ari, atus 

sum ; cohortor, ari, atus 

sum. 
end, end of, extremus, a, um. 
endure, perfero, ferre, tuli, 

latus. 
enemy, hostis, hostis, m. 
enroll, conscribo, ere, scrips!, 

scriptus. 
envoy, legatus, I, m. 
escape, fugio, ere, fugi, fugitu- 

rus ; evado, ere, evasi, evasu- 

rus. 
estabUsh, confirmo, are, avi, 

atus. 
evening, vesper, en, m. 
every, omnis, omne. 
excite, moveo, ere, movi, motus. 
expect, exspecto, are, avi, atus. 
expel, expello, ere, pull, pulsus. 
expense, sumptus, us, m. 
experience, iisus, us, m. 



far, longe. 

far and wide, longe lateque. 

farmer, agricola, ae, m. 

farther, ulterior, ulterius. 

fatherland, patria, ae,/. 

favor, faveo, ere, favi, fauturus ; 
studeo, ere, ui. 

fear (noun), timor, timoris, m. 

fear (verb), vereor, eri, itus 
sum ; timeo, ere, ui. 

fellow citizen, clvis, civis, c. 

fertile, ferax, ferax, gen. feracis. 

few, pauci, ae, a. 

field, ager, agri, m. 

fierce, acer, acris, acre. 

fifth, qumtus, a, um. 

fight, pugno, are, avi, atus. 

find, find out, reperio, ire, rep- 
perl, repertus ; comperio, 
ire, pen, pertus. 

fire, ignis, ignis, m. 

first, primus, a, um. 

five, quinque. 

flee, fugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus. 

fleet, classis, classis,/. 

flight, fuga, ae,/ 

flock, pecus, pecoris, n. 

flow, fluo, ere, fliixi, fluxus. 

follow, sequor, i, secutus sum. 

foot, pes, pedis, m. 

for, ad, prep. gov. ace. 

for, in behalf of, pro, prep. gov. 
abl. 

for, on account of, ob, prep, 
gov. ace. 



General Vocabularies 



339 



for the purpose of, ad, prep. 

gov. ace. 
for the sake of, causa ; gratia. 
forbid, veto, are, vetul, vetitus. 
force (noun), vis, vis,/. 
force {verb), cogo, ere, coegl, 

coactus. 
ford, vadum, T, n. 
foreign, alienus, a, urn. 
foresee, provideo, ere, vidi, 

vis us. 
forest, silva, ae,/ 
form (a plan), ineo, ire, ii, 

itus. 
former, prior, prius ; as distin- 
guished from the latter, hie, 

haec, hoc. 
fort, castellum, I, n. 
fortification, munltio, munlti- 

onis,/. 
fortify, munio, Ire, Ivi, Itus. 
fortunate, felix, fellx, gen. 

felicis. 
fortunately, fellciter. 
four, quattuor. 
fourth, quartus, a, um. 
free, liber, era, erum. 
freely, libere. 

frequent, creber, bra, brum. 
friend, amicus, T, m. 
friendly, amicus, a, um. 
friendship, amlcitia, ae, / 
from, e, ex, prep. gov. abl.; a, ab, 

prep. gov. abl. 
fruit, fructus, us, ;//. 
furnish, praebeo, ere, ui, itus. 



Galba, Galba, ae, »i. 

garden, ho it us, 1. m. 

garrison, praesidium, i, -v.. 

gather, cogo, ere, coegl, coac- 
tus. 

Gaul, (Pallia, ae,/. 

Gaul, a Gaul, Gallus, i, m. 

Geneva, Genava, ae,/ 

Germans, Germain, orum, m. pi. 

Germany, Germania, ae,/ 

get possession of, potior, in. 
Itus sum. 

gift, donum, I, n. 

girl, puella, ae,/ 

give, do, dare, dedl, datus. 

go, eo, Ire, Ivi (ii), iturus. 

go out, egredior, I, gressus sum ; 
exeo, Ire, ii, itus. 

goddess, dea, ae,/ 

good, bonus, a, um. 

gradually, paulatim. 

grain, frumentum. I, //. 

great, magnus, a, um. 

greatest, maxim us, a. um ; (of 
qualities), summus, a, um. 

greatly, magnopere. 

greatness, magnitude, magnitu- 
dinis,/ 

guard, custodio, Ire, Ivi, Itus. 

guide, dux, ducis, m. 

H 

Haedui, Haedul, orum, ;;/.//. 
hand over, trado, ere, didi, 
ditus. 



340 



Elements of Latin 



happen, flo, fieri, factus sum. 

happens, it happens, accidit, 
ere, accidit. 

na Ppy> f elix, felix, gen. f ellcis ; 
beatus, a, um. 

harass, vexo, are, avi, atus. 

harbor, portus, us, m. 

hasten, propero, are, avi, atus ; 
maturo, are, avi, atus; con- 
tends, ere, tendi, tentus. 

have, habeo, ere, ui, itus. 

he, is, (ea), (id). 

head, caput, capitis, n. 

hear, audio, ire, Ivi, Itus. 

heavily, graviter. 

heavy, gravis, grave. 

height, altitudo, altitudinis,/ 

help (noun), opera, ae,/. ; aux- 
ilium, I, n. 

help (verb), iuvo, are, iuvl, iutus. 

Helvetians, Helvetii, drum, m. 

pi. 

her, hers, suus, a, um (reflex- 
ive) ; eius (non-reflexive). 

hesitate, dubito, are, avi, atus. 

high (adj.), altus, a, um ; su- 
perus, a, um. 

high (adv.), alte. 

highest, altissimus, a, um ; (of 
qualities), summus, a um. 

hill, collis, collis, m. 

himself, sul, sibi, etc. (reflexive). 

hinder, impedio, Ire, Ivi, Itus. 

hindrance, impedlmentum, I, n. 

his, suus, a, um (reflexive) ; eius 
(non-reflexive) . 



hither (adj.), citerior, citeriu:-,. 
hold, teneo, ere, in, tentus; ob- 

tineo, ere, ui, tentus. 
home, domus, us or\,f. 
honor, honor, honoris, m. 
hope (noun), spes, el,/. 
hope, hope for (verb), spero, 

are, avi, atus. 
horse, equus, I, m. 
horseman, eques, equitis, m. 
hostage, obses, obsidis, m. 
hostile, inimlcus, a, um. 
hour, hora, ae,/. 
house, domus, us or I,/ 
how much, quantus, a, um. 
humble, humilis, humile. 
hundred, centum. 



I, ego, mel. 

if, si. 

ignorant, imperltus, a, um. 

immediately, statim. 

in, in, prep. gov. abl. 

in order that, in order to, ut, 

(utl). 
in order that . . . not, lest, ne. 
in the vicinity of, circum,/;r/. 

gov. ace. 
increase, augeo, ere, auxl, 

auctus. 
incredible, incredibilis, incre- 

dibile. 
infantry, pedites, peditum, m. 

(pi. (/pedes). 
influence (noun), gratia, ae,/ 



General I ocabularies 






influence (verd), indued, ere, 
diixl, ductus; moveo, ere, 
mo vi, mot us. 

inform, to inform, certiorem 

facere. 
inhabitant, incola, ae, in. 
injury, iniuria, ae,/. 
inquire, quaero, ere, quaesivT, 

quaesitus. 
into, in, prep. gov. ace. 
is fitting, it is fitting, oportet, 

ere, uit (impersonal). 
island, insula, ae,/ 
it, is, ea, id (gender depending 

011 antecedent). 
Italy, Italia, ae,/ 
its, suus, a, mil (reflexive) ; eius 

(no n- reflexive). 



javelin, pilum, 1, n. 

join (battle), committo, ere, 

misi, missus. 
justice, ius, iuris, //. 

K 

keep from, prohibeo, ere, ui, 

itus. 
kill, interficio, ere, feci, fectus. 
kind, modus, T, ///. 
king, rex, regis, ///. 
know, scio, ire, IvI, Itus. 



Labienus, Labienus, I, ;//. 
lack, inopia, ae,/! 



lake, la< us, !.i, us. m. 
land, terra, ae, /. 
large, magnus, .1. um. 
latter, hie, hae< , ha (distin- 
guished from theformer^ ille). 
lay waste, vastd, arc. avi, atus. 
lead, duco, ere, duxi, dm tus. 
lead back, reduco, tic duxi, 

ductus. 
lead on, indiu <«, ere, duxi. 

ductus. 
lead out, educo, ere, duxi. 

ductus. 
leader, dux. du< is. ;//. 
leap down, desilio, ire, ui, sul- 

tus. 
learn, cognosco, ere, novi, 

nitus. 
least (ad/.), minimus, a, um. 
least {adv. >. minime. 
leave behind, relinquo, ere, 

llqul, lictus. 
legion, legio, legionis,./ 
less (adj. >, minor, minus. 
less (adv. ), minus. 
lest, ne. 

letter, litterae, arum,//'/. 
liberty, libertas, libertatis,./ 
lie hid, lateo, ere, ui. 
lieutenant, legatus, 1. m. 
hne, line of battle, 
little (adj.). parvus, a. um. 
little (adv.). parum. 
little, a little (adv. I, paulum. 
live, vivo, ne. \ 1x1. \ ictus : in- 

colo. ere, ui. 



342 



Elements of Latin 



long (adj.), longus, a, um. 
long, a long time (adv.), diu. 
lose, amitto, ere, misi, missus. 
love, amo, are, avi, atus. 
lower, Inferior, mferius. 
loyalty, fides, fide!,/ 

M 

magistrate, magistrates, us, m. 
maintain, retineo, ere, ui, ten- 

tus. 
make, facio, ere, feci, factus ; 

efficio, ere, feci, fectus (in 

the sense ^/render), 
man, vir, viri, m. ; homo, homi- 

nis, ;//. 
many, multl, ae, a. 
march, iter, itineris, n. 
march out, egredior, I, gressus 

sum. 
Marcus, Marcus, T, m. 
matter, affair, res, re!,/. 
meanwhile, interim ; interea. 
memory, memoria, ae,/ 
merchant, mercator, mercato- 

ris, m. 
messenger, nuntius, I, m. 
middle, middle of, medius, a, 

um. 
mile, mille passus ; pL, milia 

passuum. 
military, militaris, militare. 
mind, animus, T, m. 
more (adj.), plus, pluris. 
more (adv.), plus-; magis. 
moreover, autem. 



most (adj.), plurimus, a, um. 
most(^^.),plurimum; maxime. 
most, most people, most things, 

plerlque, aeque, aque. 
mountain, mons, montis, 7n. 
move, moveo, ere, movi, motus. 
much (adj.), multus, a, um. 
much (adv.), multum. 
much (adv. or abl), multo. 
multitude, multitudo, multi- 

tudinis,/ 

my, meus, a, um. 

myself (reflexive) , oblique cases 

of ego. 

N 

name (noun), nomen, nominis, 

n. 
name (verb), appello, are, avi, 

atus. 
narrow, angustus, a, um. 
narrow pass, angustiae, arum, 

f.pl. 
nation, natio, nationis,/ 
near, ad, prep. gov. ace. 
near (adv.), prope. 
nearer (adj.), propior, propius. 
nearer (adv.), propius. 
nearest, proximus, a, um. 
neighbor, fmitimus, I, m. 
neighboring, fmitimus, a, um. 
neither (adj.), neuter, tra, trum. 
neither . . . nor, neque . . . 

neque. 
never, numquam. 
nevertheless, tamen. 
new, novus, a, um. 



General Vocabularies 






night, nox, noctis,/ 

nine, novem. 

no, nullus, a, urn. 

no one, nemo; no genitive; 

dat. neraini ; aec. neminem ; 

other cases lacking. 
not, non, ne. 

not . . . even, ne . . . quidem. 
nothing, nihil. 
now, nunc. 
number, numerus, T, m. 

O 

obey, pareo, ere, 111, iturus. 

obtain, obtineo, ere, ui, tentus; 
potior, Tri, itus sum. 

occur, flo, fieri, f actus sum. 

often, saepe. 

old, vetus, vetus, gen. veteris. 

on, in, prep. gov. abl. 

on account of, ob, prep. gov. 
ace. ; propter, prep. gov. aec. 

on this side of, cis, prep. gov. aec. 

one, Onus, a, urn. 

one by one, singull, ae, a. 

only, solus, a, um. 

opportunity, occasio, occa- 
sions,/ 

oration, oratio, orationis,/ 

order, iubeo, ere, iussT, iussus; 
praecipio, ere, cepi, ceptus. 

order, rank, ordo, ordinis, m. 

Orgetorix, Orgetorlx, Orge- 
torigis, m. 

other, alter, era, erum ; alius, 
a, ud. 



ought, debeo, ere, ui, ltus. 
our, ours, noster, Ira. trum. 
ourselves, oblique fnos, 

plural of ^ego. 
out of. e, tXfprep.gov. abl. ; dr. 

prep. gov. abl. 
over, trans, prep. gov. ace.; in, 

prep. gov. a/'/. 
overcome, supera, are, avi, 

atus. 
owe, debeo, ere, ui, itus. 



pace, passus, us, m. 

part, pars, partis. /". 
pass the winter, hiemo 

avi, atus. 
pay, pen do, ere, pependl, pen- 

sus. 
peace, pax, pacis./. 
people, nation, populus, i, m. 
perceive, sentio, Ire, scum. 

sensus. 
persuade, persuadeo, ere, 

suasi. suasus. 
place (noun), locus, i, m.\ pi., 

loca, orum, n. 
place (verb), colloco. are, avi, 

atus. 
place in command. praefi< 

ere, feci, fectus. 
plan, consilium, i, ;/. 
plenty, copia, ae,/ 
possess, habeo, ere. ui, itus. 
possessions, copiae, arum. /. 



344 



Elements of Latin 



power, potestas, potestatis,/ 
powerful, potens, potens, gen. 

potentis. 
praise, laudo, are, avi, atus. 
prefer, malo, malle, malui. 
prepare, comparo, are, avi, 

atus ; paro, are, avi, atus. 
present, donum, I, n. 
prevent, prohibeo, ere, uT, itus. 
prohibit, prohibeo, ere, ui, itus. 
provide for, provideo, ere, vidi, 

visus. 
province, provincia, ae,_/ 
provisions, res frumentaria, rei 

frumentariae,/. 
punish, to punish, supplicio 

africere. 
punishment, supplicium, I, n. 
purchase, emo, ere, emi, emp- 

tus. 
pursue, sequor, I, secutus sum. 



queen, regina, ae,yi 
quick, celer, celeris, celere. 
quickly, celeriter. 

R 

rampart, vallum, T, n. ; agger, 

aggeris, m. 
read, lego, ere, legi, lectus. 
rear, rear line, novissimum 

agmen, novissiml agminis, n. 
reason, causa, ae,f. 
receive, recipio, ere, cepi, 

ceptus. 



recent, recens, recens, gen. 
recentis. 

redoubt, castellum, I, n. 

refuse, recuso, are, avi, atus. 

region, regio, regionis,/! 

remain, remaneo, ere, mansT, 
mansurus. 

remaining, reliquus, a, urn. 

Remi, Remi, orum, m. pi. 

render, efficio, ere, feci, fectus. 

reply, respondeo, ere, spondl, 
sponsus. 

report, nuntio, are, avi, atus. 

republic, res publica, rei pu- 
blicae,/! 

resist, propugno, are, avi, 
atus ; resisto, ere, stitT. 

retain, retineo, ere, ui, tentus. 

retreat, to retreat, se recipere. 

return, give back, reddo, ere, 
didi, ditus. 

return, go back, reverto, ere, 
verti, versus {usually depo- 
nent in the present, imperfect, 
and future) \ redeo, ire, ii, 
iturus. 

return thanks, to return thanks, 
gratias agere. 

revolt, motus, us, m. 

revolution, change of govern- 
ment, novae res, f. pi. 

reward, praemium, I, n. 

Rhine, Rhenus, I, m. 

Rhone, Rhodanus, I, m. 

right, dexter, tra, trum. 

risk, periculum, I, n. 



General I r ocabidaries 







river, fliimen, fluminis, n. 
road, via, ae, / ; iter, itineris, //. 
Roman (noun), Roman us, I, ;//. 
Roman (a///.), Romanus, a, urn. 
Rome, Roma, ae,/ 
rose, rosa, ae,/. 
rough, asper, era, erum. 
roundabout way, circuitus, us, 

1)1. 

rule {noun), imperium, T, ;/. ; 

regnum, T, n. 
rule (verb), rego, ere, rexl, 

rectus. 



safe, tutus, a, um. 
safety, salus, salutis,/ 
sail, navigo, are, avi, atus. 
same, Idem, eadem, idem. 
savage, ferus, a, um. 
say, dlco, ere, dlxl, dictus. 
scout, explorator, exploratoris, 

m. 
sea, mare, maris, n. 
second, secundus, a, um. 
see, video, ere, vldl, vlsus. 
seek, peto, ere, Ivi (ii), Itus. 
seem, videor, eri, vlsus sum. 
seize, occupo, are, avi, atus. 
self, very, ipse, a, um. 
senate, senatus, us, m. 
send, mitto, ere, mlsT, missus. 
send ahead, praemitto, ere, 

mis!, missus. 
Sequani, Sequani, orum, m. pi. 
serious, gravis, grave. 



set out, profit im or, i. 

sum. 
seven, septem. 
seventh, septimus, a, um: 
several, aliquot. 
sharp, acer, a< fis, a< re. 
sharply, acriter. 
she, (is), ea, (id). 
shield, scutum, i, n. 
ship, navis, navis,/ 
shore, litus, litoris, n. 
short, bre\is, breve. 
shouting, clamor, clamoris, m. 
show, praebeo, ere, ixi, itus ; 

doceo, ere, ui, doctus. 
side, pars, partis, / ; on one 

side, una ex parte. 
siege, obsidio, obsidionis,/ 
since, cum. 
six, sex. 
size, magnitudo, magnitudinis, 

/ 
skilled, peritus, a. um. 

slave, servus, I, m. 

small, parvus, a, um. 

so (of degree), tarn; (of man- 
ner), ita. 

so great, tantus, a, um. 

so that, ut. 

soldier, miles, militis. m. 

some, nonnullus, a, um. 

some one. some, aliquis (qui), 
qua, quid (quod ). 

son. filius. 1. m. 

son-in-law. gener, eri, m. 

sortie, eruptio, eruption is,/ 



346 



Elements of Latin 



speech, oratio, orationis,/. 
speed, celeritas, celeritatis,/. 
standard, signum, I, n. 
state, civitas, clvitatis,/. 
station, colloco, are, avl, atus. 
stone, lapis, lapidis, in. 
storm, tempestas, tempestatis,/. 
strengthen, conflrmo, are, avl, 

atus. 
strip, nudo, are, avl, atus. 
subdue, paco, are, avl, atus. 
such, talis, tale. 
sudden, repentmus, a, um ; su- 

b itus, a, um. 
sufficient, satis. 
suitable, idoneus, a, um. 
summer, aestas, aestatis,/. 
summon, voco, are, avl, atus ; 

convoco, are, avT, atus ; ar- 

cesso, ere, IvT, Itus. 
supplies, commeatus, us, m. 
supply, copia, ae,/. 
support, alo, ere, ul, altus (ali- 

tus). 
surpass, supero, are, avT, atus. 
surrender (noun), deditio, de- 

ditionis,/. 
surrender (verb), dedo, ere, 

dedidi, deditus. 
surround, circumvenio, Ire, 

veni, ventus. 
suspicion, suspicio, susplcionis, 

/• 

swift, celer, celeris, celere. 
swiftly, celeriter. 
sword, gladius, I, m. 



table, mensa, ae,f. 

take, capio, ere, cepi, captus. 

take away, aufero, ferre, ab- 

stuli, ablatus. 
take place, fio, fieri, factus sum. 
task, labor, laboris, m. ; nego- 

tium, I, 11. 
tear down, rescindo, ere, scidl, 

scissus. 
tell, doceo, ere, uT, doctus ; 

dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 
ten, decern. 

tender, tener, era, erum. 
tenth, decimus, a, um. 
terrify, perterreo, ere, m, itus. 
territory, fines, flnium, m. pi. 
than, quam. 
thanks, to return thanks, gratias 



agere. 



that {demons, pron.), is, ea, id ; 
ille, a, ud. 

that (con/.), ut ; after verbs of 
fearing, ne. 

that . . . not, with purpose 
clauses, ne ; with result 
clauses, ut . . . non; after 
verbs of fearing, ut. 

that famous, ille, a, ud. 

that of yours, iste, a, ud. 

their, theirs, suus, a, um (re- 
flexive) ; eorum, earum (non- 
reflexive). 

themselves, sul, sibi, etc. (re- 
flexive) . 

they, p/u rat of is, ea, id. 



General Vocabularies 



347 



thing, res, rei,/. 
think, puto, are, avi, atus. 
third, tertius, a, um. 
this, hie, haec, hoc. 
thou, tu, tin. 

thousand, mille; />/., milia, mi- 
lium. 
three, ties, tria. 
throne, regnum, I, n. 
through, per, prep. gov. ace. 
throw, iacio, ere, ieci, iac- 

tus. 
throw, to throw into chains, in 

catenas conicere. 
thy, tuus, a, um. 
time, tempus, temporis, n. 
to, ad, prep. gov. ace. 
toward, ad, prep. gov. ace; sub, 

prep. gov. ace. 
tower, turris, turris,/! 
town, oppidum, I, n. 
transport, transporto, are, avi, 

atus. 
transports, freight ships, naves 

onerariae, f. pi. 
trench, fossa, ae,/! 
trial, iudicium, T, n. 
tribe, gens, gentis,/ 
tribute, stipendium, 1, n. 
troops, copiae, arum, /. //. 
trumpet, tuba, ae,f. 
trust, confido, ere, flsus sum 

(sem i-depon enf). 
try, conor, an, atus sum. 
turn out, evenio, ire, veni, ven- 

turus. 



two, d(\o. diiac, duo. 
two days, biduum, i. //. 

U 

Ubii, Ubii, orum, ;;/. pi. 
under baggage, encumbered, 

impeditus, a. um. 
understand, intellego, ere, lexi, 

lectus. 
undertake, suscipio, ere. cepl, 

ceptus. 
unfriendly, inimicus, a, um. 
unharmed, incolumis, in- 

colume. 
unless, nisi. 

unusual, insignis, insigne. 
uproar, fremitus, us, ///. 
urge, hortor, arl, atus sum. 
use, utor, I, usus sum. 



valor, virtus, virtiitis,/. 
very (pro?i.), ipse, a, um. 
victor, victor, victoris, m. 
victory, victoria, victoriae,/. 
village, vicus, i, m. 
voice, vox, vocis,/. 

W 

wage (tear), gero, ere, gessi, 

gestus. 
wagon, carrus, I, m. 
wall, murus, i. ///. 
walled town, oppidum, T. //. 
war, bellum, I. /;. 
warlike, bellicosus, a, um. 



348 



Elements of Latin 



warn, moneo, ere, m, itus ; ad- 

moneo, ere, ui, itus. 
warship, navis longa, navis 

longae,/ 
watch, vigilia, ae,/. 
water, aqua, ae,/. 
way, via, ae,/. 
we, nos (plural of ego). 
weapon, telum, I, n. 
weather, tempestas, tempes- 

tatis,/ 
well, bene. 
what? what kind of? qui, quae, 

quod (interrog. adj.). 
when, ubi. 

where ; where ? ubi. 
whether, si. 
which, see who. 
which ? see who ?. 
which (of two) ? nter, tra, trum. 
who, which, what, that (rel. 

flron.), qui, quae, quod. 
who? which? what? quis, quid. 
whole, totus, a, um. 
wide, latus, a, um. 
width, latitudo, latitudinis, f. 
wild, ferus, a, um. 
wing, cornu, us, 11. 
winter, hiemo, are, avT, atus. 
winter quarters, hiberna, orum, 

11. pi. 



wise, prudens, prtidens, gen. 

prudentis. 
wisely, prudenter. 
wish, volo, velle, volui. 
wish . . . not, be unwilling, 

nolo, nolle, noluT. 
with, cum, prep. gov. abl. 
without, sine, prep. gov. 

abl. 
withstand, sustineo, ere, ui, 

tentus. 
woman, mulier, mulieris,/ 
wonderful, mlrus, a, um. 
word, verbum, I, n. 
work, opus, operis, n. 
worse, peior, peius. 
would that, utinam. 
wound (noun), vulnus, vulne- 

ris, n. 
wound (verb), vulnero, are, avl, 

atus. 
wretched, miser, era, erum. 
wretchedly, misere. 



year, annus, T, m. 

you, tu, tm ; //., vos. 

your, yours, tuus, a, um ; vester, 

tra, trum. 
yourself, yourselves (reflexive), 

oblique eases oftu, tui. 



INDKX 



References arc to sections unless otherwise stated. 



Ablative, Introd. X, i. 

absolute, 287. 

accompaniment, 276. 

agent, 266. 

cause, 272. 

comparison, 267. 

degree of difference, 268. 

with deponent verbs, 274. 

manner, 275. 

means, 273. 

place from which, 296, 2; 297, 2. 

place where, 296, 3; 297, 3. 

quality, 281. 

separation, 265. 

specification, 280. 

time, 282. 
Accent, Introd. VII. 

of nouns in -ius, -ium, 14, 2; 21, 
2. 
Accusative, Introd. X, 1. 

direct object, 10, I. 

predicate, 254. 

subject of infinitive, 256. 

time and space, 255. 
Ad, with accusative and gerundive, 

356, 2. c. 
Adjectives, 

first and second declension, 27. 

third declension, 52. 

agreement of, 4, 2. 

as nouns, 111, III, footnote 

attributive, 4, 2, note. 

comparison of, 67, 73, 74. 

declension of comparative, 68, I, 2. 

declension of superlative, 68, 3. 

irregular, the nine, 32. 



pi isition of, 4, 2, footnote. 

predicate, 4, 2, note. 

review chart of, 129. 
Adverbs, 

comparison of, 86. 

formation of, 81. 88. 

irregular, 88. 
Agreement, 

of adjectives, 4, 2. 

of appositives, 17, 2. 

of participles, 286, 2, a. 

of predicate nouns, 10. {. 

of relative pronoun, 113, 2. 

of verb, 10, 2. 

Alphabet, Introd. I. 

Appositive, 17, 2. 

Attributive Adjective, 4, 2. note. 

Anient^ 142, III, footnote. 

Base, 2, 2. 

By, 50, footnote. 

Cases, Introd. X. 

Causal Clauses, 321. 

Commands, 329. 

Comparative, 

declension of, 68, I, 

special meaning of, 77, I. 
Comparison. 

of adjectives, 67, 73, 74. 

of adverbs, 86, 88. 
Compound Words, division of, In- 
trod. IV, 1, d. 
Conditional Sentences. 351. 
Conjugation. Introd. XI. 

I, amo, 8. 143, 148. 155, 162. 

//, mo two, 169. 175. 

Ill, regS t 181, 187; cajtio, 209. 



349 



35o 



Index 



Conjugation {continued) 

IV, audio, 193, 199. 

of deponent verbs, 214, 3, 4. 

of go, 292. 

of fgro, 363. 

of fid, 261. 

of possum, 235. 

periphrastic, 246, 247. 

of sum, 132, 136. 

of void, nolo, maid, 327. 
Consonants, 

Classification of, Introd. III. 

Pronunciation of, Introd. II, 3. 
Consonant Stems, 36. 
Cum, 

causal, 321. 

concessive, 322. 

temporal, 320. 
Dative, Introd. X, 1. 

agency, 248. 

indirect object, 55, 239, 240, 241. 

possession, 249. 

purpose, 242. 

with adjectives, 250. 

with compound verbs, 241. 

with special verbs, 240. 
dea, 2, 5 ; 14, 3. 
Declension, Introd. IX, 2; X, 1. 

1,1. 

II, 13, 20. 

III, 36, 42, 44. 

IV, 58. 

V, 60. 

of adjectives, 3, 15, 22, 27, 32, 52, 
68, 75. 

of participles, 136, footnote; 148, 
footnote; 162, footnote. 

of pronouns : demonstrative, 106; 
indefinitive, 118; intensive, 101; 
interrogative, 114; personal, 91; 
possessive, 99; reflexive, 94; rela- 
tive, 112. 



Deponent Verbs, 214. 

do, 56, footnote 2; 178, footnote. 

domus, 59, I ; 298. 

eius, eorum, 100, 3. 

Enclitics, Introd. VII, 3. 

go, 292. 

Fearing, construction with verbs of, 

333, 2, C. 
ferd, 363. 
/ilia, 2, 5 ; 14, 3. 
fid, 261. 
Gender, 

general rules, Introd. X, 3. 

of first declension, 2, 4. 

of second declension, 13, 20. 

of third declension, 48. 

of fourth declension, 58; 59, I. 

of fifth declension, 61, I. 

review of, 63. 
Genitive, Introd. X, 1. 

objective, 228. 

partitive, 223. 

possession, 221. 

predicate, 222. 

quality, 227. 

with adjectives, 229. 

with causa, gratia, 230. 
Gerund, 355. 
Gerundive, 356. 
Helvetian War, page 255. 
Hortatory Subjunctive, 302. 
z'-consonant, Introd. I. 
z'-stems, 

nouns, 42, 45. 

adjectives, 53, I, 2. 
Imperative, 140, 3; 329. 
Indirect Discourse, 337. 

infinitive in, 338. 

subjunctive in, 340. 
Indirect Questions, 308; 333, 2, D* 
Infinitive, 

in indirect discourse, 338, 



Index 



3Si 




Infinitive (continued} 

tenses of, 339. 

uses of, 344, 345, 346. 
Infinitive Endings, 206. 

of deponent verbs, 214, 3. 
Inflection, Introd. IX. 
inform, 263. 

Irregular Adjectives, the nine, 32. 
Irregular Verbs, see Conjugation. 
is, ea, id, 91, footnote; 95; 108, 

4- 
-ius, -ium, nouns in, 14, 2; 21, 2. 
Legendary Rome — Stories of, Les- 
sons XXXVI ff. 
Liquids, Introd. III. 
Locative, 297, 3. 
maid, 327. 
mllle, 125, 2; 126. 
Mixed Stems, 44, 45. 
Mutes, Introd. III. 
Nasals, Introd. III. 
ne , . . quidem, order with, 212, III, 

footnote 1. 
-ne, enclitic, 23. 
nolo, 327. 

Nominative, Introd. X, i; 4, 1. 
Nonne, 33. 
Num, 39. 

Number, Introd. X, 2. 
Numerals, 124, 125, 12S. 
Object, 

direct, 10, I. 

indirect, 55; 239,210,241. 
Oblique Cases, 94, 1. 
Optative Subjunctive, 303. 
Participles, 

declension, 136, footnote; 148, foot- 
note; 162, footnote. 

defined, 286, 2. 

tenses of, 286, 3. 

use of, 286, 4. 

with ablative absolute, 287, 2. 



Periphrastic Conjugations, 246. 247. 

Personal Endings, 9. 

Place, expressions of, 296, 297. 

plus, 75. 

Possessives, 98, 99, 100. 

possum, 235. 

Predicate Adjectives, 4, 2, \ 

Predicate Noun, 10, ], and footnote. 

Principal Parts, 131, 1, 2. 

Prohibitions, 330. 

Pronouns, sec Declension. 

Pronunciation, [ntrod. II. 

Purpose, 310; 316; 333, 2, A. 

a nam with the Superlative, 77, 2, b. 

ijuam, than, 77, 2, a; 267, note. 

Quantity, Introd. V, VI. 

Questions, 23, 33, 39. 

indirect, 308; 333, 2, I). 
Relative Clauses, 

of characteristic, 315. 

of purpose, 316. 
Result, 314; 333, 2, 15. 
Review Charts, 128, 129, 130. 
Semi-deponent Verbs, 243, footnote. 
Sequence of Tenses, 309. 
Spirant, the, Introd. III. 
Subject, 4, 1. 
Subjunctive, 

of characteristic, 315. 

hortatory, 302. 

in conditional sentences, 351, II, III. 

in indirect discourse, 340. 

in indirect questions, 308. 

in substantive clauses, 333. 

optative, 303. 

purpose, 310; 316; 333, 2. A. 

result, 314. 

translation of, 304. 

with cum, 320, 321, 322. 
Substantive Clauses, 333. 
sir, 94, 95. 
sum, 132, 136. 



352 



Index 



Superlative, 

declension of, 68, 3. 

special meaning of, 77, I. 
Supine, 358. 
suus, 98, 99, 100. 
Syllables, Introd. IV. 
Synopses of Verbs, 138; 150; 214. 
Syntax — Meanings of Cases, 220. 



Temporal Clauses, 320. 

Tenses, see Sequence. 

Terminations, 2, 1. 

Vocative, Introd. X, 1; 2, 3; 14, 1. 

void, 327. 

Vowels, Introd. II, 1. 

Wishes, 303. 

Word Order, 4, 2, footnote; 24. 






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